FPGA with conductors segmented by active repeaters

ABSTRACT

An interface circuit for use in the layout of padframe interface circuits for field programmable gate arrays having a plurality of I/O cells each of which may be programmed as an input or an output (or both) and a programmable connection matrix which provide programmable pathways between the data output signals generated by the core array of logic blocks and I/O cells programmed as outputs and provide programmable pathways between I/O cells programmed as inputs and data input conductors going into the core array. The interface circuits are all substantially identical in structure, and each includes a sufficient number of power and ground connections to supply adequate current to the number of I/O cells the interface has. Each interface circuit also includes at least one and preferably two open spaces into which conductive paths may be laid out to carry power to the core array or carry dedicated signals to circuits other than the core which also reside on the integrated circuit. Because of the substantially identical structure of each interface and the preservation of ratios between I/O cells, power and ground connections and open slots, larger or smaller core arrays may be accommodated by cutting and pasting additional interface circuits into the layout thereby substantially decreasing design, placement and layout time and time to market for introduction of new FPGAs in a family with larger core arrays. The regular repeatable structure of RIU&#39;s simplifies software development for products within the family and as such contributes to faster &#34;time to market&#34;.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This is a continuation-in-part of prior U.S. patent application entitledSCALEABLE PADFRAME INTERFACE CIRCUIT FOR FPGA YIELDING IMPROVEDROUTABILITY AND FASTER CHIP LAYOUT (attorney docket DYN-001.2P), Ser.No. 08/978,451, filed Nov. 25, 1997, which was a continuation-in-part ofa prior U.S. patent application entitled FAST REPROGRAMMABLE LOGIC WITHACTIVE LINKS BETWEEN CELLS, Ser. No. 08/869,201, filed Jun. 04, 1997(now co-pending) and was a continuation-in-part of a prior U.S. patentapplication entitled BICMOS REPROGRAMMABLE LOGIC, Ser. No. 08/639,272,filed Apr. 23, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,668,495 now allowed (Atty DktDYN-001.2D), and was a divisional of a U.S. patent application of thesame title, Ser. No. 08/375,303, filed Jan. 20, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No.5,570,059, issued Oct. 29, 1996 (Atty Dkt DYN-001.1C), and was acontinuation of a U.S. patent application of the same title, Ser. No.08/274,817, filed Jul. 14, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,406,133, issuedApr. 11, 1995 (Atty Dkt DYN-001.1D), and was a divisional of a U.S.patent application of the same title, Ser. No. 08/002,172, filed Jan. 8,1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,355,035, issued Oct. 11, 1994 (Atty DktDYN-001). The prior art cited by applicants to the U.S. Patent andTrademark Office and prior art cited by the U.S. Patent and TrademarkOffice to the applicants in all of these parent cases is herebyincorporated by reference and cited hereby to the U.S. Patent andTrademark Office.

The invention pertains to the field of field programmable gate arraysalthough it may have applications in the field of layout of circuitdesigns for other types of integrated circuits with high degrees ofregularity in the structure of the core integrated circuit cells.Specifically, the invention contemplates a padframe interface circuit ofuniform design which maintains a fixed ratio of power, ground and logicconnections for each interface circuit when the size of the core logicincreases or decreases and the number of interface circuits needed tomake logic connections increases or decreases. By using an interfacecircuit of standard design with programmable connection matrices thatallow multiple line drivers to programmably share connection lines thatgo into and come out of the core array, improved routability can beachieved in SRAM based field programmable gate arrays. Also, by using aninterface circuit of standard design that can be "cut and pasted" into acircuit layout in blocks without adversely affecting the power, groundand logic connection capabilities, a great deal of time can be savedthat would ordinarily be consumed in circuit layout labor therebyspeeding the time to market of new products. Uniformity of padframeinterface connections also simplifies software development for placementand routing software for new members of an FPGA family.

Logic designers have long had the need for custom logic circuits toimplement their designs. In the 1970's, this need gave rise toprogrammable logic arrays, programmable array logic and programmableread only memory. Later in the decade, custom circuits were made bycustomizing the metal layer of integrated circuits which had standardcells formed in the layers below the metal layer. The customized metallayer interconnected the standard cells in a manner defined by thecustomer of the gate array manufacturer.

Gate arrays are only a good choice where the desired function to beperformed by the gate array can be determined with certainty in advance.However, gate arrays are not a good choice where the desired functioncan change over time with changing requirements. This can happen when acircuit design is being evaluated and testing over time reveals the needfor changes in the design. Another shortcoming of gate arrays was thatthey could not perform the function of packet encapsulation and deliveryin network settings where packet construction was subject to a varietyof different protocols and where packet headers change as the packetscirculate, for example in token ring networks. This function has beendone in software in the prior art, but increasing network speeds demandsmore speed which requires that this function be done in hardware.

Another application in which fixed gate arrays had shortcomings in wheredata flow paths change over time as a function of changes in the processthat is being emulated by a particular circuit. Thus, a need arose formore flexibility in custom circuits such that the functions thereof canbe changed. Field reprogrammable gate arrays were developed in responseto these needs.

The market for field reprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs) has beenincreasing steadily in recent years, because of the advantages theyprovide to designers. FPGAs comprise an array of standard cells whichinclude certain high usage types of logic items such as multiplexers,combinatorial logic etc. The standard cells can be programmed toimplement whatever function the designer needs by setting certainprogramming bits. There are different technologies used to implementthese programming bits. One technology is called antifuse where smallfuse-like structures in various lines are selectively burned out to"cut" connection lines to get the desired functionality. Othertechnologies include static RAM (SRAM) based technologies like the "passtransistor" interconnect type FPGAs marketed by competitors of theassignee and the "active repeater" type FPGAs described herein. In SRAMbased FPGAs, thousands of programming bit are stored in SRAM cellsspread throughout the FPGA. These programming bits control theconductivity state of the channel of pass transistors or the on-offstate of active repeaters inside each standard cell and in connectionmatrices connecting the standard cells to each other and to the packagepins. By properly programming all the SRAM cells, it is possible to makethe necessary connections to implement the desired logic function.

The advantage of these FPGA structures is that a designer can have acustom design implemented in silicon much more rapidly than would be thecase for a full custom chip design from scratch. Further, since theprogramming is not permanent (except in antifuse FPGAs), the functionsimplemented in the chip can be rapidly changed as the designer's designchanges.

FPGAs typically have a ring of input/output cells (I/O cells) whichsurround the core array of standard cells in the middle of the die. Thestandard cells in the core are connected to each other by vertical andhorizontal buses each having multiple conductors that have programmableswitch connections therein. The function of the I/O cells is tointerface the standard cells of the core to the outside world throughthe chip pinout as a plurality of data inputs and outputs. Each I/O cellcan be programmed to be an input or an output or a bidirectional cellwherein data is sent out to the pin from the core array and goes rightback into the core array on a different line. The I/O cells areconnected to the various cells of the core through an array of drivercircuits and conductive lines called the padframe interface. It is anarea of circuitry that lies between the core cell array and the ring ofI/O cells.

In the prior art, this padframe interface area was custom designed andhad to be changed for every new chip in a family of FPGAs. As the coresize grew or shrank, the padframe interface circuitry also grew orshrank and had to be laid out all over again using the design rules ofthe process being used to make the core. This custom layout process foreach new FPGA in the family was time consuming and labor intensive andslowed down the time to market.

Routability is a key factor in FPGA commercial success. This means thatfor complex FPGAs, with many input and output signals and many neededconnections between the logic blocks of the core array, there is a needfor the software that programs the programmable connections to findindividual routes for each needed interconnection without conflicts withother signals. Two different signals cannot share the same connectionpath absent some form of multiplexing. The more complex thefunctionality desired is, the more difficult the routing problem becomesand the more complex is the routing software.

Routability is not a significant problem in antifuse technologies sincethe antifuse programming connections are so small in terms of die areaconsumed per programmable connection that connection matrices can befully populated (one programmable switch at every intersection ofcrossing wires) and many more options are available for makingconnections. However, antifuse has many problems which have causeddesigners to move away from antifuse FPGAs. First, antifuse structurerequire special processes to construct. These special processescomplicate the manufacturing process. Another problem is that theprogramming voltage necessary to burn out an antifuse structure toprogram it is well above the Vcc voltage needed to run the rest of thecircuit. This requires either a separate power supply, which customersdo not like, or circuitry on the FPGA to generate the high programmingvoltage (typically 10 volts) from the low Vcc voltage (typically 3volts).

This circuitry complicates the design an uses chip area. Antifusestructures also take a long time to program each one, and since therecan be hundreds of thousands of them on the chip, the total programmingtime can extend for a long time, which is bad for high volumeproduction. Further, antifuse structures, once programmed, cannot bereprogrammed. If the design changes, an entirely new FPGA must beprogrammed for the new design. Finally, antifuse structures do not scalewell as new technologies with smaller linewidths surface.

As a result of these problems with antifuse structures, the industry hastended to gravitate toward the SRAM based FPGAs noted above. SRAM basedFPGAs however have their own set of problems which revolve aroundroutability. SRAM cells are much larger than antifuse structures, andsince there are many thousands or hundreds of thousands of them on anFPGA, considerable die area can be consumed just by the memory cellsneeded to program the necessary interconnects. As a result, connectionmatrices as the intersections of two or more multiconductor interconnectbuses cannot be fully populated with a switch and its associated SRAMcell at the intersection of each individual conductor with each otherindividual conductor. This means that fewer connection possibilities areavailable to the routing software. As a result, no SRAM based FPGAcompany can guarantee routing for every desired functionality specifiedby a company.

The routing problem of an SRAM based FPGA breaks down into two problems:

routability within the core array to make all the necessary connectionsbetween different logic blocks within the core array; and routability ofconnections through the padframe interface area from the core array andthe I/O cells. Of these two problems, routing within the core is themore difficult of the two. Routing bottlenecks can occur where thenumber of needed connections to a logic block or to an I/O cell exceedsthe number of possible programmable pathways to the I/O cell.

Thus, a need arose for an apparatus which could eliminate routingbottlenecks in the padframe area and also replace custom designedpadframe interface circuitry with modular building blocks to allowfaster time to market for new FPGAs in a family.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The teachings of the invention contemplate a genus of standard cellpadframe interface circuits called Repeatable Interface Units (hereafterRIUs) which share the following characteristics, the detailed discussionof which begins with FIG. 19, the discussion of FIGS. 1-18 beingdiscussion of subject matter from the parent cases.

The RIU cells are all identical in structure, and each has thecapability to be coupled to the same number of: core logic blocks in thelogic block array; I/O cells which connect to I/O pins at which signalinputs to the FPGA are received and signals from the FPGA are output;and power and ground pins to supply the I/O cell circuits and slots forpower and ground connections to supply the core logic block array.

The uniformity of RIU cell structure means the RIUs can be "cut andpasted" into an FPGA chip layout as a standard cell as part of thepadframe interface. Thus, as the size of the core array grows pursuantto introduction of a new chip in the family, the padframe interface canbe redesigned simply by cutting and pasting more RIU cells into thepadframe interface layout to provide the needed additional connections.This cut and paste mode of laying out the padframe interface does awaywith the need for many hours of custom circuit design and layout of thepadframe interface circuitry that would otherwise be required to make apadframe interface circuit design and do the placement and routing anddesign rule compliance for that padframe interface circuit design tomake all the necessary connections between the core logic blocks and thevarious pins of the pinout.

Because each RIU is identical in structure and connects to the samenumber of core logic blocks, I/O cells, power and ground pins and slots,the cutting and pasting into the layout of additional RIU cells allowsthe software to not change from product to product within an FPGA familysince the connectivity ratio remains the same even though the number ofcore blocks changes. Software development is a "time to market" issue.Cutting and pasting of RIU cells into a layout to make a padframeinterface circuit is advantageous since it can be done without changingthe ratio of logic blocks to RIU cells to I/O, power, ground and slotconnections from the ratios which worked for the smaller array chips inthe same family and this fact simplifies the software needed forplacement and routing and decreases the software development time.

Each RIU connects to the same fixed number of I/O cells, each of whichcan be programmed as either an input or an output. Each RIU provides aprogrammable switching matrix which allows each I/O cell programmed asan input to connect to any or all simultaneously of a fixed number ofspecific input lines in a column of input lines at the edge of the corelogic block array and associated with a particular one or more of thelogic blocks to which the RIU is coupled so long as there is no conflictbetween multiple inputs trying to use the same intermediary connectionsin the programmable matrix or trying to drive the same data input linesto the core array with different data input signals. Connections of theinput can also be programmed to any or all simultaneously of a fixednumber of specific input lines in each of the other columns of inputlines at the edge of the core logic block array to which the RIU iscoupled. The programmable switching matrix can be programmed andreprogrammed by a user in a nonvolatile fashion. However, as the numberof RIU cells is increased, the availability of programmable connectivitybetween the core logic blocks and the I/O cells remains the same.

If an I/O cell is programmed as an output, the programmable switchingconnection allows the same output to be coupled to any one of a fixednumber of specific output lines in a selectable subset of columns ofoutput lines at the edge of the core array associated with one of thelogic blocks of the subset of logic blocks to which the particularoutput is coupled through the RIU connection matrix. Again however,conflicts are to be avoided so that only one data output signal from thecore array drives any particular I/O cells programmed as an output atany particular time and so that multiple data output signals from thecore array do not attempt to use the same intermediary connection in theprogrammable connection matrix.

The I/O cells and RIUs can be programmed to act in a bidirectionalmanner steering data output signals coming out of the core array on oneline back into the core array on another line.

Each RIU connects to the same fixed number of core logic blocks and toboth the input and output data signal lines of each column or row comingout of the core array.

Each RIU also is coupled to a fixed number of power and ground inputsfor supplying ground to the I/O cells and to a fixed number of slotswhich can be converted to power and ground connections to supply powerand ground to the logic blocks of the core array or to dedicated pins.

The forgoing features of the genus translate to a smaller time to marketfor introduction of new chips in a family of FPGAs with either larger orsmaller arrays of core logic blocks. Also, the RIU according to theteachings of the invention, by inclusion of a routing area comprised ofa plurality of programmable connection matrices coupled to both multiplecolumns and multiple I/O cells, provides more connection possibilitiesto the I/O cells. This reduces the possibilities of a routing bottleneckin routing to the I/O cells. The RIU of the genus of the invention alsogreatly simplifies the routing software and offloads some of the routingproblem of routing in the core array by the use of interconnects comingout of the core array, through an RIU and back into the core array.

In an important alternative embodiment, bidirectional active repeatersare added to the RIU to couple the two halves of the O₋₋ lines togetherand at both ends of both the O₋₋ lines and the I₋₋ lines. This provideseven more routing possibilities and further simplifies the routingsoftware.

Specifically, the genus of RIUs defined above is an interface circuitfor interfacing logic blocks in a core array of programmable logicblocks of an integrated circuit to a plurality of external pins of anintegrated circuit, and each said interface circuit will have:

a fixed number of input/output cells each of which may be programmed aseither an input or an output and each of which is electrically coupledto an external pin of an integrated circuit;

a fixed number of I/O power and ground ports connected to external pinsof an integrated circuit and connected to said input/output cells tosupply power thereto, said fixed number of I/O power and ground portsestablished at a number which is high enough to supply adequate currentconsidering the number of input/output cells in said interface circuit;

at least one empty slot for use in laying out power or groundconnections from at least one external pin of said integrated circuit tosaid core array or for making connections from at least one external pinto other circuitry not part of said core array to carry one or moresignals needed by said other circuitry;

a plurality of columns each comprising a plurality of data output signallines carrying data output signals from said core array and a pluralityof data input signal lines carrying data input signals to said corearray; and

a programmable connection matrix coupling said input/output cells tosaid plurality of data output signal lines and said data input signallines via a plurality of programmable signal pathways.

A process for using the interface circuit of the invention comprisescutting and pasting a sufficient number of predesigned, identicalinterface circuits to make connections between a plurality of data inputand data output signals lines and the external pins of the integratedcircuit, wherein each of said identical interface circuits has aplurality of input/output cells for coupling to external pins, a numberof power and ground connections from external pins to the input/outputcells which are adequate to supply enough power to that number ofinput/output cells, at least one empty slot and a programmableconnection matrix through which pathways may be programmed to makeconnections between said input/output cells and the data input and dataoutput signal lines in a core array of programmable logic blocks of saidfield programmable gate array.

In a specific species within the genus of RIU defined herein, one RIU iscomprised of four programmable connection matrices, each of thesematrices being coupled to one core logic block at the edge of the corelogic block array and two I/O cells at the edge of the FPGA. In thisspecies, the connection of the connection matrix is to both the inputline column (having 6 individual input signal lines) and the output linecolumn (having 24 separate output signal lines) of the logic block towhich it is connected. Each connection matrix in this species is alsoconnected to the Data Out, Data In, Output Enable and CKE connectionports of each of two I/O cells. The connection matrices in this speciesare also coupled together within each RIU so as to provide specificprogrammable connectivity between I/O cells programmed as inputs (for upto all 8 I/O cells) and input lines of the columns of all four logicblocks to which the RIU is connected. In this species, each of the 8 I/Ocells can be programmed as an input and can be connected via aprogrammable data path through the matrices simultaneously to up to 3specific input lines of the 6 total input lines of each column and thisconnection can be made for up to 3 specific input lines of the 6 totalinput lines of each of the other 3 columns to which the RIU is connectedas well.

The connection matrices in this species are also coupled together withineach RIU so as to provide specific programmable connectivity between theoutputs in each of two groups of four I/O cells and output lines of thetwo logic blocks to which the group of four I/O cells is coupled throughthe matrices. Specifically, within each group of four I/O cells, eachI/O cell programmed as an output can be coupled to any of up to 14specific output lines of the 24 total output lines in each output columnfor the two logic blocks to which the group of four I/O cells programmedas outputs is coupled.

This particular species is useful for RIUs at the top and bottom of thelogic block array. For connections to the left and right edges of thelogic block array, two different species, one for the left and one forthe right are used. These species have the same general characteristicsof the genus but have different input and output connection possibilitymatrices from the top and bottom RIUs and as between the left and rightside RIUs. The particular connection possibility matrices are givenlater herein in table form as are the connection matrix possibilities ofthe top and bottom RIUs.

In a second invention, each of the individual conductors of the verticaland horizontal buses that pass through the core logic array aresegmented into multiple segments by active repeaters. The terms "activerepeater" and "active link" mean the same thing and include bothunidirectional and bidirectional active devices that can bring gain tobear and which provide no "direct connection" between line segmentscoupled to the active repeater (as the term "direct connection" isdefined later herein-basically it means no direct conductive path forholes or electrons to flow from one line segment to the other throughthe active repeater). This lack of a "direct connection" providesisolation between the line segments such that the parasitic capacitancescoupled to one line segment are not charged by drivers coupled to theother line segment but are charged by the active repeater whichseparates the two segments. This substantially speeds up performance byreducing delays and rendering the delays more predictable when therouting software does its routing. Because these active repeaters do notprovide direct paths by which charge carriers in one line segmentcoupled to the input of an active repeater can reach parasiticcapacitances coupled to line segments coupled to the output of theactive repeater and because the active repeater has gain, severaladvantages flow. First, the lack of a direct connection causes the totalparasitic capacitance load of each line segment to be fixed regardlessof the programming state of the active repeaters. This means that thedrivers coupled to that line segment can be optimized in structure tohandle that exact capacitive load since it will not change regardless ofhow many other line segments are coupled to it to make an interconnect.Second, segmentation means different line segments of the same line canbe used to make different interconnects by the routing software.Further, the gain of the active repeaters means that degradation of thesignals propagating through a chain of active repeaters can be minimizedor eliminated since losses to parasitics can be replaced by energy fromthe power supply driving the active repeater. A further advantage isachieved by staggering the active repeaters in the vertical andhorizontal buses. Staggering the repeaters such as in echelon fashionincreases "access", i.e., the number of logic blocks a logic blockoutput can be connected to by passing through only onevertical-to-horizontal active repeater and no repeater boundariesbetween two line segments on the same line. Higher degrees of accessfurther simplify the routing software. The same techniques of usingactive repeaters and staggering them are used in the RIUs in the I₋₋lines and O₋₋ lines.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is diagram illustrating a typical prior art FPGA with passivelink structure in the form of an MOS pass transistors.

FIG. 2 is an equivalent circuit showing the parasitic components of theprior art structure of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a cross section of a typical prior art antifuse structure.

FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit showing the parasitic elements of theprior art antifuse structure of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is diagram illustrating a symbolic structure for a fieldprogrammable gate array using the active link technology disclosedherein.

FIG. 6A is a circuit diagram of a typical NMOS inverter active linkusing a saturated MOS transistor for a load resistance.

FIG. 6B is a circuit diagram of a typical NMOS inverter active linkusing a passive resistor for a load resistance.

FIG. 6C is a circuit diagram of a typical NMOS inverter active linkusing a nonsaturated MOS transistor operating in the triode region for aload resistance.

FIG. 6D is a circuit diagram of a typical NMOS inverter active linkusing a depletion mode MOS transistor for a load resistance.

FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram for an active link in the form of an NMOSinverter having push-pull outputs and a tristate circuitry to improvethe isolation between the lines to be connected.

FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram for an active link in the form of a NANDgate.

FIG. 9 is a truth table showing how the NAND gate of FIG. 7 is used asan active link.

FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of a CMOS implementation of a NAND gate.

FIG. 11 is a bidirectional, high input impedance active link designusing emitter followers to provide high input impedance.

FIG. 12 is a symbolic diagram of an FPGA using both long range and shortrange active links.

FIG. 13 is a circuit diagram of an active link in the form of a biCMOS,differential, current-mode, one-input-two-output multiplexer.

FIG. 14 is a circuit diagram for an active link biCMOS differential,current-mode, two-input-single-output multiplexer.

FIG. 15 is a circuit diagram of another notation for the multiplexer ofFIG. 14 having four inputs and a single output.

FIG. 16 is a circuit diagram for a crossbar switch having four inputsand three outputs using the notation of FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 is a circuit diagram of a typical set of high speed emitterfollowers for use with the circuits of FIGS. 13-16 as a driver toprovide high input impedance or as a stand-alone, field-programmableactive link.

FIG. 18 is a circuit diagram of one example of how the structures ofFIGS. 13-16 can be implemented in single ended ECL technology.

FIG. 19 is an overall top view of the layout of an FPGA showing therelative position of the RIUs according to the teachings of theinvention.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram of a typical logic block such as logic block312 that makes up the core array.

FIG. 21 is a more detailed diagram of the programmable connection pathswithin the core array of logic blocks and showing the columns of inputand output lines such as column 350 that exit the core array forconnection to the RIUs.

FIG. 22A is a schematic diagram of the preferred tri-state driver foruse in the programmable connection matrices, and FIG. 22B is a truthtable showing the operation of the tri-state driver of FIG. 22A.

FIG. 23A is a circuit diagram of the preferred CMOS bidirectionaltri-state driver, and FIG. 23B is a truth table defining the operationof the circuit of FIG. 23A.

FIG. 24 is a top view of a general integrated circuit layout of thepreferred form of the RIU and including the layout of four logic blocksat the edge of the core array.

FIG. 25 is a pseudo-schematic diagram of the programmable connectionmatrix of a single RIU.

FIG. 26 is an expanded pseudo-schematic diagram illustrating the generalstructure of the output connection matrix for a single input/output cellin the programmable connection matrix.

FIG. 27 is a circuit diagram of a 4-input multiplexer which can beextended to large numbers of inputs to implement the multiplexers in thecore array and in the programmable connection matrix of the RIU.

FIG. 28 is a table showing the output signal connections for themultiplexer inputs to the O₋₋ lines and the output signal lines of eachcolumn to the O₋₋ lines for a particular species of top and bottompadframe interface circuit programmable connection matrix.

FIG. 29 is a table showing the data input connections for a particularspecies of top and bottom padframe interface circuit programmableconnection matrix showing the details of the connections of the 8 datainput lines of all 8 of the I/O cells of a single RIU to the I₋₋ linesand the population of the programmable connections in the programmableconnection matrix between the I₋₋ lines the data input lines of all 4columns of a single RIU.

FIG. 30 is a table showing the input connections of a particular speciesof left side RIUs.

FIG. 31 is a table showing the input connections of a particular speciesof right side RIUs.

FIGS. 32A and 32B are tables showing the data output connectionpossibilities for a particular species of right and left side RIUs,respectively.

FIG. 33 is an equivalent circuit showing how the active repeaters thatsegment conductive lines in the FPGA limit the capacitive load of eachsegment to the parasitic capacitors actually coupled to that segment.

FIG. 34 is a more detailed diagram of the actual output structure forcoupling the three data output signals from each logic block to theconductors of the vertical channel.

FIG. 35 shows an alternative embodiment for an RIU structure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Prior art FPGAs using pass transistor interconnect technology have beenslow. The reason for this is because of the interconnect technology.Using standard 0.35 micron line widths, the logic blocks can run atspeeds in excess of 200 MHz. The I/O structure speed depends upon thepackage speed, loading on the pins and output voltage swings, but with ahigh speed package and good board design, the I/O structure can run atspeeds of 100 MHz. This leaves the interconnect structure as the keyculprit and bottleneck factor in causing low speed performance of FPGAs.

If all the interconnects that need to be made in a typical FPGA could bemade point-to-point, the FPGA could run at 250 MHz. The software thatroutes the interconnects however cannot make all interconnectionspoint-to-point because of the not fully populated connection matrices ofSRAM based FPGAs. As a result, a few of the interconnects are quite longand pass through many programmable pass transistors to make theappropriate switching connections in prior art FPGAs. Each passtransistor in these prior art structures adversely affects the signalpropagating on the interconnect by subjecting it to parasitic RCnetworks to be described below. These parasitic RC networks slowpropagation of the signals on these long interconnect "slow nets" enoughand act as a bottleneck on the overall speed of the FPGA. Further, theV_(t) drop of each pass transistor means that there is less and lessvoltage after each pass transistor to charge up parasitic capacitanceswhich further slows down propagation over the degradation due to the RCtime constants alone. Speeding up the fast nets (point-to-pointconnections) does not increase performance, but speeding up these slownets will increase performance. The active repeaters disclosed hereinwill speed up the slow nets.

Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a diagram of a typical fieldprogrammable gate array of the type using prior art passive links in theform of pass transistors such as is typically found in Xilinx FPGAs. Toimplement a desired function in this prior art FPGA, the output of afirst standard cell 10 needs to be coupled to the input of a secondstandard cell 12. The FPGA integrated circuit has a matrix 14 ofintersecting conductors on different layers which are insulated fromeach other. The conductors on one layer are symbolized by the verticallines 16, 18, 20 and 22, while the conductors on another layer aresymbolized by horizontal lines 24 and 26. To make the desiredconnection, 5 passive MOS "pass" transistors 28, 30, 32, 34 and 36 areprogrammed to make connections between various of the conductors inmatrix 14. Pass transistor 28 is programmed to make a connection betweenthe output 38 of standard cell 10 and matrix conductor 16. This is doneby programming a logic 1 (or logic 0 depending upon the type of MOStransistor technology used for the pass transistors and logic levels)into memory cell 40.

Likewise, pass transistor 30 is programmed to make a connection betweenlines 16 and 24 by programming a logic 1 into memory cell 42. Passtransistor 32 is programmed to make a connection between lines 24 and 18by programming a logic 1 into memory cell 44, and pass transistor 34 isprogrammed to make a connection between lines 18 and 26 by programming alogic 1 into memory cell 46. Finally, pass transistor 36 is programmedto make a connection between line 26 and the input 22 to standard cell12 by programming a logic 1 into memory cell 48.

Because pass transistor 50 is not needed to make the connection betweenstandard cell 10 and standard cell 12, it's memory cell 52 is programmedwith a logic 0 so that no connection is made between line 16 and line 26(unless this connection is needed as part of another conductive pathbetween two different standard cells.

Memory cell 40, like all the other memory cells symbolized by an M in abox on the drawing, is typically a 6 transistor CMOS static RAM cell,and usually is part of a shift register (not shown) which snakes throughthe integrated circuit layout. This shift register contains theprogramming bits needed to control each pass transistor as well as anyenable transistors in the standard cells. In alternative embodiments,the memory cells such as memory cell 40 can be stand alone memory cellscoupled by shared data, address and control lines that go to each cellor memory cells grouped into a memory array having shared data input,address and control lines and coupled to the individual pass transistorsby individual data output lines.

the first layer

The arrangement shown in FIG. 1 has disadvantages in that it slows downoperation of the FPGA. The reason for this can be understood byreference to FIG. 2 which is an equivalent circuit for the electricalpath between the output line 38 of standard cell 10 and the input line22 of standard cell 12. The resistor and capacitor inside dashed line 28represent the parasitic components of pass transistor 28 which affectpropagation on the line. The resistor 54 represents the channelresistance of the pass transistor 28, and is typically 1000 ohms. Thecapacitor 56 represents the parallel summation of the parasiticgate-to-source, gate-to-drain, gate-to-substrate and line-to-substratecapacitances of the lines to and from each pass transistor source, drainand gate terminal. The combination of series resistor 54 and shuntcapacitor 56 represent a low pass RC filter that shunts high frequencycomponents of the high speed data signal to the substrate and causesdelay in the rise times of fast pulses in accordance with the RC timeconstant of the filter.

Loss of high frequency components caused by these RC low pass filters,and the RC delay factor tends to soften the edges of rectangular pulsesand spread them out. This decreases the slope of the edges of high speedrectangular pulses thereby increasing rise times. For example, considerhigh speed data input pulse 58 which will be assumed to be 10nanoseconds in width. The pulse looks line pulse 60 after passingthrough the first low pass filter of pass transistor 28 and continues todegrade in both amplitude and pulse width as it propagates through eachpass transistor, as represented by pulses 62 and 64.

Pass transistor interconnect suffer from the tradeoff between size andlow turn-on resistance. Large size is not good because there arehundreds of thousands of pass transistors in the typical prior art gatearray, and large size increases the die size and lowers yield and leavesless room for standard cells in the core array and interconnect lines.However, small size in a pass transistor, although it decreases itsparasitic capacitance, also increases its parasitic turn-on resistance.Pass transistors also do not scale with technology. If a pass transistoris shrunk, its area and device capacitance are reduced, but itsresistance stays constant because of voltage scaling. A thirddisadvantage of pass transistors is that the transistor of choice is asingle n-channel device. Because of this, a V_(T) drop is encounteredwhen a signal crosses a pass transistor. This starts to become a majordisadvantage at technologies below 0.35 microns. As the supply voltagedrops, there is less voltage across the pass transistor meaning lesscurrent. This causes designers to change their design goals to onlymaintain performance as opposed to improve it as linewidths shrink. Inthe prior art, designers have attempted to solve the pass transistor'sproblems using a hierarchy of lines that span different numbers of logicblocks in the core array. Other efforts have focussed on use of chargepumps to increase the gate voltage to lower the "on" resistance. Chargepumps become more difficult to implement at lower gate lengths becauseof the ever reducing thickness of gate oxides. These prior art attemptshave made incremental improvements, but no great leap forward inperformance.

Each MOS pass transistor such as transistors 28, 30, 32, 34, 36 and 50operates in common gate mode. MOS devices operating in common gate modeexhibit no gain. Such passive devices are not coupled to any powersupply so they supply no energy to replace the energy dissipated in theseries resistance of the MOS device channel and the energy of the highfrequency components siphoned off to the substrate through the parasiticshunt capacitances. This is the cause of the degradation of theamplitude and pulse width of the pulses 62 and 64.

Other FPGA companies use different forms of passive links calledantifuse technology. A typical antifuse structure cross-sectionaldiagram is shown in FIG. 3. In an antifuse FPGA structure, a firstplurality of conductors are formed on a first conductive layer, one lineof which is represented by metal layer 66. A second plurality ofconductors are formed on a second conductive layer which is insulatedfrom the first conductive layer. This second plurality of lines isrepresented by metal layer 68. At the intersection of each line on thefirst layer with a line of the second layer, an antifuse structure likethat shown in FIG. 3 is formed. In each antifuse structure, the twoconductive layers 66 and 68 are separated from each other by aninsulating layer 70 which is typically polysilicon. The polysiliconlayer has a gap etched through it to form a via from the metal layer 66to the metal layer 68. Metal from layer 66 fills in this via. The viahas a layer of nitride 72 formed therein to separate and insulate themetal of layer 66 from the metal of layer 68.

To make a connection between metal line 66 and metal line 68, a 10 voltprogramming signal is applied to metal line 66 relative to metal line68. This voltage exceeds the breakdown voltage of the nitride layer 72and causes punch through by arcing wherein molten metal from layer 66fills a hole in nitride layer 72 caused by the arc and makes electricalcontact with metal layer 68. This punch through metal has a parasiticseries resistance associated with it and the lines themselves haveparasitic capacitance to the substrate.

The equivalent circuit for the structure of FIG. 3 is as shown in FIG.4. Again, the equivalent circuit is comprised of a series resistance 74,which is typically 300 ohms, and a shunt capacitance 76 which iscomprised of the parallel combination of the parasitic capacitance ofthe fuse plus the parasitic capacitance of the lines to and from thefuse. This RC combination again defines a low pass filter which siphonsoff high frequency components of the high speed data to ground.

The antifuse technology suffers from the same deficiency of the passiveMOS pass transistor in that the successive RC delay factors and loss ofhigh frequency components to ground through the shunt parasiticcapacitances rounds off the corners of high speed rectangular datapulses, spreads out the width of the pulses and increases the rise time.

Although the antifuse technology has less parasitic resistance and shuntcapacitance than a passive, common gate MOS pass transistor, it alsosuffers from the additional infirmity of not being scaleable down totoday's extremely small design rules. When an antifuse FPGA structure isscaled down to today's 0.35 micron design rules, the structures on theFPGA get so small that they do not have sufficient breakdown voltageprotection to withstand voltages greater than 3 volts. This means thatapplication of a 10 volt programming voltage to a programming line cancause arcing and punch through at places where not arcing or punchthrough is intended thereby causing shorts or destroying devices orboth.

Active devices such as MOS and bipolar transistors and other activedevices are much more easily scaleable than antifuse technology, soactive devices capable of amplification are used for the switches ofactive links according to the teachings of the invention.

Referring to FIG. 5, there is shown a diagram of a FPGA according to theteachings of the invention using active link technology which is morereadily scaleable and which does not degrade the speed of the chip asmuch as passive links. In the symbolic example of FIG. 5, two standardcells, logic gates or other circuitry 75 and 77 need to have aconductive path formed therebetween in order to implement some functiondesired by the user. When the integrated FPGA circuit is manufactured,it is manufactured with a plurality of standard cells of variousdesigns, a plurality of logic gates, registers, multiplexers, ALUs etc.thereon. The boilerplate circuits can be any collection of knowncircuits and some FPGA chips intended for use in a particular field mayhave a different collection of boilerplate circuits than other FPGAcircuits intended for use in another field of use. In the claims, thesestandard "boilerplate" circuits are referred to as standard cells, logicgates or other circuitry.

The FPGA chip after manufacture also has formed thereon a connectionmatrix, crossbar switch or some other form or arrangement of conductorsand active links which is coupled to the boilerplate circuits and whichcan be programmed to make the desired connections between theboilerplate circuits to implement the desired functionality. In FIG. 5,the connection matrix is represented by conductors 79, 81, 83, 85, 87and 89 and the associated active links represented by boxes with theletter A inside them. The boxes with the letter M inside them representmemory cells in which are stored bits which define whether theparticular active link presents a high impedance path between thecircuit nodes between which is connected or a low impedance path. Theterm active link in the claims means both the switching circuitrepresented by the boxes with the letter A inside as well as the memorycell or other circuitry by which the switching circuitry is eitherturned off or turned on at the choice of the user to make the necessaryconnections to implement the desired functionality. Typically, thecontrol signals needed to control the switching circuits of the activelinks are supplied by memory cells which are loaded with logic bits bymeans of a shift register (not shown) of which each memory celltypically is a part and which snakes throughout the FPGA chip. Toprogram the FPGA to any particular functional configuration, this shiftregister is loaded with thousands of bits in a particular sequence soall the desired connections are made in the connection matrix.

The exact nature of the switching circuits of the active links can vary,but all the different embodiments for active link switching circuitsshare the common characteristic of having a gain of approximately one ormore so as to not degrade the speed of operation of the FPGA when asignal traverses a long chain of active links. One way of looking at theactive links is that they have the capability of replacing energy lostto the substrate through parasitics from the signal propagating througha long chain of active links. Of course, a competitor might concludethat if he makes an active link with a gain of 0.9, he could escapeinfringement while still enjoying a speed advantage over the prior artpassive link FPGAs. The phrase "having a gain of approximately one ormore" is not intended to limit the gain of an active link according tothe teachings of the invention to exactly one or higher. Instead thisphrase is intended to indicate that an active link according to theteachings of the invention will have sufficient gain to not seriouslydegrade the rise times of signals propagating of a long chain of, forexample, 10 active links to the extent such rise times are degraded inpropagating through a chain of, for example, 10 passive links of theprior art.

A connection matrix according to the teachings of the invention ischaracterized by a plurality of conductors which are electricallyinsulated from each other such as conductors 79, 81, 83, 85 , 87 and 89in FIG. 5. A plurality of programmable electrical connections betweenselectable combinations of these conductors is implemented using aplurality of active links. In the example of FIG. 5, a programmable,easily reconfigurable data path between standard cell 75 and standardcell 77 is implemented by properly programming active links 91, 93, 95and 97. Active link 91 is programmed by writing an appropriate bit intoits memory cell to causing the switching circuit to form a low impedancepath between conductors 81 and 79. Likewise, active link 93 connectsconductors 87 and 83 and active link 95 connects conductors 83 and 89and active link 97 connects conductor 89 and standard cell 77.

A process for forming a field programmable gate array circuit similar tothat shown in FIG. 5 comprises forming the boilerplate circuitry on thedie using any integrated circuit fabrication process compatible with thetechnology in which the boilerplate circuits are to be implemented. Thena connection matrix of conductors is formed using the same process suchthat the conductors are electrically insulated from each other. Then aplurality of active links are formed at locations so as to be able tomake programmable connections between at least some of the conductors inthe matrix and between input and output nodes of the boilerplatecircuits and at least some of the conductors of the connection matrix.

An important feature of the invention is therefore to guide signalsalong data paths of a field programmable gate array in such a manner soas to prevent degradation of the rise or fall times of the signal to thesame degree as the degradation of these rise or fall times should thesame signal propagate through a like number of passive links in a priorart field programmable gate array. This is done by applying sufficientgain at each active link to prevent degradation in the rise or falltimes of the signal comparable to that which would occur if the samesignal were to propagate through the same number of antifuse or commongate type MOS device passive links such as are found in the prior artfield programmable gate arrays.

FIGS. 6A through 6D are examples of MOS inverter circuits, and FIG. 10is an example of a CMOS AND gate that could be used to implement theswitching circuit of an active link according to the teachings of theinvention. FIG. 7 is an example of an NMOS inverter with a push-pulloutput stage and tristate circuitry that also could be used to implementan active link according to the teachings of the invention. The examplesof FIGS. 6A through 6D were taken from the treatise Ong, Modern MOSTechnology, Processes, Devices and Design, Section 9-2, pp. 189-197(McGraw Hill 1984) ISBN 0 07-047709-4, the entire contents of which ishereby incorporated by reference. In the particular example of FIG. 6A,an MOS inverter transistor 82 has as a load a saturated MOS device andis set up to apply a gain of approximately one or greater to the inputsignal. Lines 78 and 80 are the conductors in the connection matrix tobe connected through the active link. The connection is controlled inprogrammable fashion by the logic level on an enable signal EN on line86 coupled to the gate of enabling MOS transistor 88. The enable signalEN comes from the associated memory cell containing the programming bitor from another source of enable signals that defines the desiredfunctionality of the chip. The high rail voltage defining a logic 1level is on line 90, and the low rail voltage defining a logic 0 levelis on line 92. Thus, even if the gain of the inverter is greater thanone, the logic level PATENT of the signal output from a chain of suchactive links can never rise higher than the logic one level defined bythe voltage on the high rail 90.

FIG. 6B is an example of an MOS inverter active link using a passiveresistor load 94, and enabled by an enable signal EN on line 86 coupledto MOS device 88. All the considerations mentioned above with regard tothe switching circuit of FIG. 6A apply equally to the switching circuitsof FIGS. 6B, 6C and 6D, so only the differences in the switchingcircuits will be described below.

FIG. 6C is an example of an MOS inverter active link using anonsaturated MOS device 96 for a load operating in the triode region. Inthis embodiment, the enable signal EN is a voltage higher than the highrail voltage on line 90 when the device is to be enabled so as to forceMOS device 96 into the triode region. EN is low so as to cut offtransistor 96 when the device is to be disabled. Any circuitry toconvert the logic one level of the enable signal from the memory cell tothe appropriate voltage to place the inverter in the triode region willsuffice to practice this embodiment according to the teachings of theinvention.

FIG. 6D is an example of an MOS inverter active link using a depletionmode MOS device 100 as a load. As is the case for the embodiments ofFIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C, the inverter is enabled and disabled in aprogrammable fashion by application of an enable signal EN on line 86from an associated memory cell or other source to an MOS device 88. Inone logic state of EN, the MOS device 88 couples the source of thetransistor 82 to the low rail 92 to enable the device. In the otherstate of EN, transistor 88 is cutoff thereby disabling the device bydecoupling the source of transistor 82 from the low rail.

All of the MOS inverter embodiments for active links in FIGS. 6A through6D, when disabled, present a degree of isolation between the input line78 and the output line 80 which may be sufficient in some applicationsand insufficient in others. When the inverters are disabled, the inputline 78 is coupled to the output line 80 by the gate-to-drain parasiticcapacitance of the inverter transistor 82. This small capacitance shouldprovide sufficient isolation for all but the highest frequency datasignals. However, high speed data signals having a frequency so highthat inadequate isolation is provided by this gate-to-drain parasiticcapacitance are not likely to be used with the MOS inverter active linksshown in FIGS. 6A through 6D. This is because these active linksdirectly couple MOS devices to the high speed signal path therebyslowing the signal down because of the effects of the parasiticcomponents inherent in each MOS device. With high speed data, the biCMOSdifferential current mode logic active links disclosed later herein arepreferred, because the MOS devices in those active links are not coupledto the high speed signal path. Therefore, the MOS inverters of FIGS. 6Athrough 6D are likely to provide adequate isolation when disabled forlow speed data FPGAs.

If a higher degree of isolation is desired for low speed or some higherspeed FPGAs, the active links can simply be bipolar, CMOS or MOStristate buffers of the type which are well known in the art. An activelink of the tristate buffer type will have its data input coupled toconductor 78 and its data output coupled to line 80. The enable signalon line 86 will be coupled to the tristate control input of the tristatebuffer. When the enable signal is in a logic state to disconnect line 78from line 80, the tristate buffer will be put in a tristate mode whereinline 80 sees an essentially infinite impedance.

FIG. 7 is an example of a noninverting MOS tristate buffer taught inModern MOS Technology, pp 217-8 which is used as an active link in lowspeed FPGAs according to the teachings of the invention. An NMOStransistor 102 forms a basic MOS inverter with depletion mode loadtransistor 104. This inverter is coupled through tristate circuitry to atotem pole push-pull driver comprised of NMOS transistors 106 and 108.The reason for the totem pole output driver is that use of a simpleinverter to drive output loads which are usually capacitive will resultin uneven rise and falltimes. This can possibly be remedied byincreasing the load transistor size to improve the risetime, but thisinordinately increases DC power consumption and the area of theinverter. The push-pull driver of FIG. 7 remedies this problem becausewhen the output pull-down transistor 108 is turning on, the pull-updevice 106 is simultaneously turning off. This ratioless configurationallows individual tailoring of device sizes for symmetrical waveformpreservation.

Tristate operation can be achieved for the active link of FIG. 7 byraising the enable signal EN on line 86 to a logic 1. In this state,output lead 80 is isolated from both the high and low rails 90 and 92 byhigh impedances. This high impedance state is achieved when both outputdevices 106 and 108 are turned off by activation of the enable signalEN. When EN is activated, tristate NMOS transistors 110 and 112 turn onthereby grounding the gates of output transistors 106 and 108.Simultaneously, transistors 114 and 116 are turned off by EN* (thecomplement of EN) going to logic zero. This cuts off the gates oftransistors 106 and 108 from their connections to the input line 78 andthe output node 117 of the inverter, respectively.

One of the simplest forms an active link according to the teachings ofthe invention can take is a NAND gate of FIG. 8. This gate has A and Binputs and a C output. To use a NAND gate as an active link, the A inputis connected to one of the conductors of the connection matrix to beconnected and the C output is connected to another to be connected. TheB input is connected to receive the enable signal which controls inprogrammable fashion whether the connection is or is not made. The truthtable of FIG. 9 shows how A and C are selectively coupled under theinfluence of the enable signal B.

Of course NAND gates come in many different implementations some ofwhich may be passive. Any NAND gate implementation capable of connectingtwo or more lines together in programmable fashion and having a gain ofat least approximately one (or enough to provide a significantimprovement in degradation of rise and fall times characteristic ofpropagation through chains of passive links) will suffice to practicethe invention. The circuit of FIG. 10 is one implementation of a NANDgate which can be used to implement an active link.

In the FIG. 10 CMOS implementation of a NAND gate to practice theinvention, PMOS transistors 120 and 122 are connected in parallel andhave their gates coupled to receive the A and B signals, respectively.Two complementary NMOS transistors 124 and 126 connected in seriesbetween common source node 128 and ground or the low voltage source alsohave their gates coupled to receive the A and B signals. When B is high,the connection between A and C is enabled, and transistor 126 is turnedon and transistor 122 is turned off. Thus, when A goes high, transistor124 turns on and transistor 120 turns off thereby grounding the commonsource node 128 which is coupled to output C. When A goes low,transistor 120 turns on and transistor 124 turns off thereby couplingoutput C to the high voltage reference 130 making output C a logic high.Because the NAND gate of FIG. 10 is an inverting gate, an even number ofgates must be used to make the connections between standard cells to beconnected.

In applications where more isolation is needed between the A and C linesthan the CMOS devices provide, a tristate buffer can be addedimmediately after the switch.

Referring to FIG. 11, there is shown another circuit diagram for apreferred form of active link which can make buffered connectionsbetween two lines in a connection matrix. An advantage of the activelink of FIG. 11 is that the deleterious effects of the series parasiticresistance and shunt parasitic capacitances of passive links in theprior art are reduced or eliminated and gain of approximately one ormore can be applied to high speed signals propagating through the activelink. This reduces the deterioration of rise and fall times of highspeed signals as they propagate through a series of active links.

In the active link of FIG. 11, three different scenarios can beimplemented depending upon the state of the enabling signals. They are:

1. line 150 isolated from line 152;

2. line 150 drives line 152;

3. line 152 drives line 150.

Which of these scenarios is implemented depends upon the programming ofthe enable signals transmitted into the circuitry inside box 153.

In case 1, NPN transistors 154 and 156 coupled as emitter followers areboth disabled by programmable switches in the form of PMOS devices 158and 160. All the MOS enabling transistors in FIG. 11 are referred to inthe claims as programmable switches, but other programmable switchingdevices could be substituted. The PMOS devices are both turned off byvirtue of the enable signals EN1 and EN2 both being high. In addition,current-mode, common emitter node current switches 162 and 164 are bothdisabled by virtue of the enable signals EN3 and EN4 being low. Thiscauses NMOS devices 166 and 168 to be turned off thereby disconnectingthe common emitter nodes 170 and 172 from the low rail voltage supply174. No power is consumed in this state, and lines 150 and 152 areisolated and undriven.

The low rail conductor 174 and a high rail conductor 201 are coupled toa voltage source for development of a potential difference therebetween.

In case 2, the current switch 162 is enabled by driving enable signalEN3 high thereby turning on NMOS device 166 to connect common emitternode 170 to the low rail 174. Current switch 164 remains disabled byvirtue of enable signal EN4 remaining in a logic 0 state therebypinching off the channel in NMOS device 168. Emitter follower 154 isturned off because PMOS device 158 is off by virtue of enable signal EN1being high. In this state, if the voltage of the input signal on line150 is above the voltage of the reference voltage REF at node 180, thenemitter follower 156 will drive output line 152 in accordance with thesignal on line 150 by virtue of being coupled to the output node 182 ofcurrent switch 162 through PMOS device 160. In order for this to happen,the enable signal EN2 is driven low thereby turning on PMOS device 160,and enable signal EN5, and enable signal EN5 is driven high so as toturn on NMOS device 184 so as to enable the emitter follower 156 byconnecting line 152 to ground. Enable signal EN6 is low in this modethereby pinching off the channel of NMOS device 186. The structure ofNMOS devices 186 and 184 and 166 and 168 is such that when their enablesignals are high, the on resistance of the device supplies sufficientemitter feedback for their respective current switches or emitterfollowers to work. The on resistance of devices 186 and 184 shouldhowever be low enough that the RC time constant of this on resistancecoupled to the parasitic capacitance of lines 150 or 152 as the case maybe is sufficiently low so as to not substantially degrade the rise timeof the high speed data signals propagating through the active link.

If the input signal at line 150 is below the reference voltage REF atnode 180 in case 2 operation, then current flow through the emitterfollower 156 and NMOS device 184 pulls line 152 down to a logic zerolevel.

Operation in case 3 is similar but reversed to operation in case 2. Inthis case, line 152 drives line 150 through emitter follower 154. Incase 3, the enable signal EN4 is high, and enable signal EN5 is low.Enable signal EN6 is high so as to enable emitter follower 154, andenable signal EN1 is low so as to turn on PMOS device 158. Enable signalEN2 is high so as to turn off PMOS device 160 thereby disconnectingemitter follower 156 from current switch 162. In this state, when thesignal on line 152 is higher than the reference voltage REF (set betweenlogic 1 and logic 0 levels), emitter follower 154 drives output line 150high. When the signal on line 152 is below the voltage of the referencevoltage REF, emitter follower 154 pulls line 150 low.

The active link switching circuit of FIG. 11 has 6 different enablesignals the logic states of which control in which of the three statesthe active link operates. These enable signals EN1 through EN6 may besupplied from 6 separate memory cells like memory cell 200 in FIG. 5, orthey may be supplied by any other means which allows programmability ofthe FPGA active links to operate as desired.

An advantage of the active link of FIG. 11 is that it does not loadwhatever driving device is coupled to it, and this is true regardless ofwhether line 152 is driving line 150 or line 150 is driving line 152. Ineither mode, the driving device sees the essentially infinite inputimpedance of an emitter follower buffer. In the mode where line 150 isdriving line 152, the driving device sees the high input impedance ofemitter follower 156. In the mode where line 152 is driving line 150,the driving device sees the high input impedance of emitter follower154.

A useful FPGA architecture using the active link teachings of theinvention is shown in FIG. 12. In this symbolic arrangement,programmable or nonprogrammable logic elements 202, 204, 206, 208, 210,212 and 214 are programmably connected to each other and other deviceselsewhere on the integrated circuit die. These connections are made byactive links designated by the circles and boxes with Xs inside them.The active links shown as Xs inside circles inside PLE 208 are shortrange active links suitable for driving short lines coupling a PLE to itnearest and next nearest neighbors. Examples of the types of active linkcircuits disclosed herein which could be used for such short rangeactive links are any of the active link circuits disclosed herein withshort line drive capability such as the NMOS inverters, NAND gates etc.

To account for situations where signals must connect to devices that arenot neighbors, the active links symbolized by Xs inside boxes areprovided. These active links are designed to drive longer lines toenable connection of signals between circuits separated by as much asthe entire width or length of the integrated die. An example of goodlong range active link designs are the NMOS inverter with totem pole,push-pull driver stage shown in FIG. 7 or the programmably bidirectionalactive link with emitter follower output stages of FIG. 11.

The significance of using two different types of active links on an FPGAis that each different type of active link will have differentparasitics, different delay characteristics, different powerrequirements and different input and output impedances and differentcomplexity in terms of the number of devices needed, the number ofprogramming bits needed and the amount of chip area consumed. Some ofthese active links will be better than others for driving short linesand some will be better for driving long lines. Since most FPGA layoutshave standard cells or logic circuits connected to neighboring circuits,it is beneficial to have at least two different types of active linksand use the short range ones for most link sites and only use thebigger, more complex active links where absolutely necessary to drivelong lines.

This allows high speed signals to propagate at much higher speeds thanin the prior art. The reason is that the gain in the active link and/orthe energy supplied to the propagating signal by each active link as itpasses through the active link replenishes energy dissipated inparasitic resistance or lost to the substrate through shunt parasiticcapacitance thereby arresting or reducing the amount of deterioration ofsignal rise times as a signal propagates across the chip. The circuit ofFIG. 7 is well adapted for use as the long range active links because ofthe totem poll, push-pull output stage.

Referring to FIG. 13, there is shown a circuit diagram for aone-input-two-output multiplexer embodiment of an active link suitablefor use in implementing programmable logic circuitry that must processvery high speed signals. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13,emitter-coupled-logic (ECL) circuitry is used in the data path, and CMOScircuitry is used for steering the input signals from the inputs to oneor more of the outputs. In other embodiments, other fast technologiesmay be used in the data path such as bipolar, Josephson junction,ballistic effect devices etc. The data inputs for high speed data areshown at A and A-. These two inputs are coupled to two ECL differentialpairs comprised of a first pair of transistors E1 and E2 and a secondpair of transistors E3 and E4. Transistors E1 and E2 have load resistorsR1 and R2, respectively. Transistors E3 and E4 have load resistors R3and R4, respectively. The first data input A is coupled to the bases ofECL transistors E1 and E3. The complementary data input A- is coupled tothe bases of ECL transistors E2 and E4. The collectors of the E1 and E2pair are coupled to the Y1 and Y1- outputs, respectively. The collectorsof the E3 and E4 pair are coupled to the Y2 and Y2- outputs,respectively. Each of the ECL transistors is coupled to the high voltagesupply rail 210 via a collector load resistor where R1 is the loadresistor for transistor E1 and R4 is the load resistor for E4 etc.

The emitters of transistors E1 and E2 are coupled so as to share acommon constant emitter current regulated by current source transistorCS1, and the emitters of transistors E3 and E4 are coupled so as toshare a common constant emitter current regulated by current sourcetransistor CS2. The bases of these two current source transistors arecoupled to a reference voltage VREF, and the emitters are coupled to thelow voltage supply 212 through emitter feedback resistors 214 and 216and through NMOS steering transistors N1 and N2. The gate terminals oftransistors N1 and N2 are coupled to enable signal lines EN1 and EN2,respectively. These two enable signal lines are also coupled to two PMOSsteering transistors P1 and P2, respectively, which are coupled betweenthe high voltage supply 210 and the common emitter nodes 218 and 220.

The operation of the circuit of FIG. 13 is as follows. The fundamentalpurpose of the circuit is to steer the signals in the data path oncomplementary signal lines A and A- onto one or both of thecomplementary output signal pairs Y1/Y1- or Y2/Y2- without substantiallydegrading the rise or fall times of the high speed signal so as toimplement a one-input-two-output multiplexer type active link. This isdone using the EN1 and EN2 enable or steering signals from associatedmemory cells and the CMOS steering transistor pairs N1/P1 and N2/P2, theCMOS steering transistors being outside the data path so as to notexpose the high speed data to the effects of the parasitic resistanceand capacitance of the CMOS devices. Those skilled in the art willappreciate that the concept illustrated in the circuit of FIG. 13 can beextended to more outputs than two and can be reversed to steer inputsignals on one of a plurality of inputs onto a single output.

Assuming now for illustration that the EN1 enable signal is active,i.e., high. This causes the steering transistor N1 to conduct therebyconnecting the steering transistor N1 to the low voltage power supplyand causes the steering transistor P1 to be nonconductive. This has theeffect of activating the output pair Y1 and Y1- by enabling the currentsource CS1 to draw the fixed current represented by arrow 224 out ofnode 218. Current source transistor CS1 stabilizes the current flow outof node 224 by virtue of the negative feedback to the emitter caused byemitter resistor 214 as is well-known in the art. Because transistor P1is nonconductive, the common emitter node 218 is not held at the voltageof the high voltage supply 210, and the ECL transistors E1 and E2 arefree to drive the outputs Y1 and Y1- as an ordinary current mode logicbuffer/inverter under the influence of whatever data signals are presenton the data inputs A and A- as in normal ECL differential modeoperation. If the EN2 steering signal is not active, i.e., low,simultaneously with the active high state of the EN1 steering signal,the Y2 and Y2- outputs are deactivated. This results from the fact thatthe steering transistor N2 is not conductive thereby disabling thecurrent source transistor CS2 from drawing current from common emitternode 220. When steering signal EN2 is low, the PMOS steering transistorP2 is conductive thereby driving the common emitter node 220 to thevoltage of the high voltage source 210. This affirmatively reversebiases the base-emitter junctions of the ECL transistors E3 and E4rather than leaving the common emitter node 220 floating so as topositively cut off the E3 and E4 transistors and prevent any signalleakage from the inputs A and A- to the outputs Y2 and Y2.

In some embodiments where this positive cutoff of the ECL transistors ofthe pair associated with whatever steering signal EN1 or EN2 is low, isnot necessary and a floating common emitter node 218 or 220 provideadequate isolation between the input and output when the associatedcurrent source is not active, the PMOS transistors P1 and P2 can beeliminated.

If the enable signal EN2 is high, the NMOS steering transistor N2 isconductive and the PMOS steering transistor P2 is renderednonconductive. This has the effect of activating the two outputs Y2 andY2- by connecting the current source transistor CS2 to the low voltagesupply thereby causing the transistors E3 and E4 to drive the outputs Y2and Y2- in accordance with whatever data signals are on the A and A-data inputs. This is true regardless of whether steering signal EN1 issimultaneously active high. If EN1 is simultaneously low when EN2 ishigh, steering transistor N1 is nonconductive and steering transistor P1is conductive. This drives common emitter node 218 to the voltage of thehigh voltage rail and reverse biases the emitter-base junctions of theECL transistors E1 and E2 thereby isolating the inputs A and A- from theoutputs Y1 and Y1-.

By controlling which of steering signals EN1 and/or EN2 are high, it ispossible to connect the input signal pair A, A- to either or both of theoutput signal pairs Y1, Y1- or Y2, Y2-. Thus, by control of the statesof signals EN1 and EN2, it is possible to electronically control theswitching of very high speed signals at an input to any of a pluralityof outputs without substantially slowing down the signals even thoughCMOS steering transistors are used. Because the resistivity of the NMOSsteering transistors N1 and N2 is much lower than the resistance of theemitter feedback resistors 214 and 216, the presence of the NMOStransistors N1 and N2 in the path between the emitters of the currentsource transistors CS1 and CS2 to the low voltage rail does notappreciably affect the speed of operation of the circuit.

The structure of FIG. 13 can be extended to more ECL differential pairsdriving more output pairs, but there is a limit imposed by the loadingon the input signal lines A and A- caused by the junction capacitancesof the ECL transistor bases. Also, since the beta factor of the ECLpairs is not infinite, adding more ECL pairs causes the base current toexceed accepted ECL limits of no more than 10-20 bases coupled to onesignal. The preferred limit of the number of bases which can be coupledto input signal lines A and A- is from 4 to 8. It is preferable for theload on A and A- signal lines to not be dependent upon the number oftransistors connected thereto.

Referring to FIG. 14, there is shown a circuit diagram for atwo-input-single-output multiplexer active link for steering high speedsignals without substantially degrading the rise or fall times thereof.A first ECL transistor pair E5 and E6 share a common emitter node 230,while a second ECL transistor pair E7 and E8 share a common emitter node232. Common emitter node 230 is coupled to a constant current sourcecomprised of transistor CS3 and emitter feedback resistor 234. Thisconstant current source is turned off and on by an NMOS steeringtransistor N3 which couples the current source to the low voltage supplyline 236. The transistor pair E5 and E6 each have a load resistor, R5and R6, respectively, which is shared with a second ECL transistor pairE7 and E8 via a pair of single output lines Y and Y-. The secondtransistor pair E7 and E8 share emitter node 232 and share a constantcurrent source comprised of transistor CS4 and emitter feedback resistor238. The CS4 constant current source is selectively coupled to the lowvoltage supply rail 236 by an NMOS steering transistor N4. As in thecase of the embodiment of FIG. 13, two PMOS steering transistors P3 andP4 are used to positively control the voltage of common emitter nodes230 and 232, respectively.

The first ECL transistor pair E5 and E6 is enabled when the enablingsignal EN1 is high. This condition turns the NMOS transistor N3 on andcouples the current source transistor CS3 to the low voltage supply 236.The transistors E5 and E6 are coupled to a high voltage supply line 240through their respective load resistors R5 and R6. When EN1 is high,PMOS transistor P3 is off which releases the common emitter node 230.Thus, transistors E5 and E6 are enabled to drive the output lines Y andY- under the influence of whatever signals are on the high speed inputsignal lines A and A-. Note that if EN1 is high, care must be taken toinsure that EN2 is not simultaneously high as this would cause aconflict in that ECL pair E7 and E8 would be simultaneously trying todrive the output lines Y and Y- at the same time transistors E5 and E6were trying to drive the same lines, possibly with conflicting signallevels. This conflict is avoided if the steering signal EN2 is low whensteering signal EN1 is high, because a low EN2 causes PMOS transistor P4to be turned on which drives the shared emitter node 232 to the voltageof the high voltage supply line 240. This disables E7 and E8 by reversebiasing the emitter-base junctions thereof. Likewise, when EN1 is low,transistors E5 and E6 are disabled in the same way.

In alternative embodiments of the circuit of FIG. 14, interlockcircuitry is employed to prevent both EN1 and EN2 from being active highsimultaneously. Also, in some embodiments, the PMOS transistors P3 andP4 can be omitted where leaving the shared emitter node floating is anacceptable way of disabling the ECL transistor pairs.

The multiple input, single output arrangement of FIG. 14 can be extendedto many different input pairs driving many different ECL pairs sharing asingle output pair, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Ifsuch a circuit were to be implemented as an integrated circuit, alltransistors whose collectors are connected to the same output line couldshare the same collector tub on the integrated circuit die therebycreating vast savings in layout area. Thus, for example, four separateinput pairs could drive four ECL transistor pairs sharing a singleoutput pair and a single pair of load (pull up) resistors. The fourtransistors coupled to one output line of the output pair would sharethe same collector tub and likewise for the four transistors coupled tothe other output line. At most one of the four ECL pairs would beenabled by its corresponding steering signal while all other steeringsignals would be inactive.

Such an embodiment is shown symbolically in FIG. 15. In the notationused in FIG. 15, ECL pair E5 and E6 with pull up resistors R5 and R6 andtheir associated current sources and MOS steering transistors arerepresented by switch 250 while ECL pairs without pull-up resistors suchas transistors E7 and E8 and their associated current sources and MOSsteering transistors are represented by switches 252, 254 and 256.

In FIG. 15, the first ECL transistor pair is driven by high speed signalinput lines A and A- in the data path, while the second ECL transistorpair is driven by high speed input signal lines B and B-. Both ECLtransistor pairs drive a single pair of shared output signal lines Y andY- and share a single pair of pull up resistors.

Referring to FIG. 16, there is shown a symbolic diagram of afour-input-three-output crossbar switch comprised of active links ofeither the long range or short range variety. Each triangle in FIG. 16represents an active link. The particular cross-bar switch shown hasthree modules like that shown in FIG. 15 interconnected such that thedata inputs of the first module comprised of switches 258, 260, 262 and264 also drive the data inputs from corresponding switches in the othertwo modules. Specifically, the A and A- data inputs to switch 258 arecoupled not only to the data inputs of switch 258, but also to the datainputs of switches 266 and 268 via lines 259 and 261, and the B and B-data inputs drive the data inputs of both the switch 260 and theswitches 268 and 272 via lines 263 and 265. The C and C- data inputs aresimilarly connected so as to drive the data inputs of switches 262, 274and 276 via lines 267 and 269, and the D and D- data inputs are coupledto drive the data inputs of switches 264, 278 and 280. For clarity ofthe figure, the separate enable inputs of each switch are not shown, buteach switch has an enable input coupled to receive a steering signalsuch as the signal EN1 in FIGS. 13 or 14. These steering signals arecoupled to the CMOS steering transistors that control enabling of theECL transistor pair of each switch in the manner described above for thecircuits of FIGS. 13 and 14. The concept of FIG. 16 can be extended toany number of modules and any number of inputs and outputs limited onlyby the fan-out specifications or loading limitations on each input andoutput of the switch.

Operation of the crossbar switch of FIG. 16 is a straightforwardfunction of activating selected ones of the steering signals. Forexample, if it is desired to pass the D and D- signals on to only the Wand W- outputs, the enable signal to switch 264 would be activated andall other enable signals to all other switches would be inactive. If theD and D- outputs were to be steered to the X and X- outputs, the enablesignal for only switch 278 would be active, and all other enable signalsto all other switches would be inactive.

Any input pair can be coupled to any one or more output pairs in thearchitecture of FIG. 16, and two or more inputs can be coupled to two ormore outputs simultaneously as long as no output is coupled to more thanone input at any particular time. For example, the A and A- inputs canbe coupled to the W and W- and X and X- inputs simultaneously while theD and D- inputs are simultaneously coupled to the Y and Y- inputs. Manyother combinations are also possible as will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art.

The architecture of the crossbar switch of FIG. 16 can be extended tolarger numbers of input pairs and/or output pairs.

Simulations of the operation of a 4×4 (four input pairs and four outputpairs) crossbar switch having an architecture like that of the circuitof FIG. 16 has shown propagation delays of about 114 nanosecond. This ismuch faster than the propagation delays of such crossbar switch circuitsimplemented using CMOS in the data path. That is, the time it takes fora change of level on any output pair to propagate through the circuitand cause a corresponding change in level on any one or more selectedoutput pair is 1/4 nanosecond.

The circuits shown in FIGS. 13 through 16 all use current mode logicwhich has a maximum output voltage swing on the order of 300 millivolts.If the output voltage swing is stretched to a value more than 300millivolts, soft saturation or total saturation can occur in the ECLtransistors. This is highly undesirable because saturation or softsaturation of current mode logic switches substantially decreases theswitching speed thereof. Thus, in the preferred embodiment, emitterfollowers are used as output buffers so as to increase the permissibleoutput voltage swing.

There are other reasons to use emitter followers either as active linksor in conjunction therewith. Specifically, in addition to having veryhigh input impedance which is useful to prevent the driving circuit frombeing loaded down, emitter followers can be used to shift the voltagelevels so as to drive other logic families. Emitter followers can alsobe used to create higher current source or sink capacity for drivinglong lines which is useful for construction of the long range activelinks of FIG. 12.

To provide maximum flexibility, it is desirable to be able to couple theoutput of a current mode logic switch active link to any one or more ofa number of emitter follower arrangements, some of which may havedifferent characteristics such as different output voltage levels, logicswing or current source or sink capacity.

To provide this flexibility, the circuit of FIG. 17 may be used alone asa multiplexing active link or in conjunction with other active linkcircuits to provide long line drive capability, voltage level shifting,better isolation etc. In the circuit of FIG. 17, a data output line Afrom the output of a current mode logic switch or any other type ofactive link or boilerplate circuit is coupled via line 251 to twoemitter followers comprised of ECL transistors E9 and E10 which driveoutput lines F1 and F2. Each of these emitter follower transistors hasan associated current source and associated CMOS enabling circuitry.Specifically, transistor E9 drives output line F1 and has its emittercoupled to a current source transistor CS5 which has an emitter feedbackresistor R7 and which has its base coupled to a constant referencevoltage Vref as was the case with the current source transistors of thecircuits of FIGS. 13-16. The CMOS enabling circuitry for emitterfollower transistor E9 is comprised of NMOS transistors N6 and N7 andPMOS transistor P6. Likewise, emitter follower transistor E10 has itsemitter coupled to a current source transistor CS6 having emitterfeedback resistor R8. The base of the current source transistor CS6 iscoupled to the constant reference voltage line Vref. The enabling CMOScircuitry for the current source E10 is comprised of NMOS transistors N8and N9 and PMOS transistor P7.

Emitter follower E9 is enabled when the steering signal EN9 is activehigh and complementary steering signal EN9- is active low. This statecauses NMOS transistor N7 to be turned on thereby activating the currentsource transistor CS5 by coupling its emitter to the low voltage supplyline 252. Because EN9- is active low, NMOS transistor N6 is turned offand PMOS transistor P6 is turned on thereby allowing the base oftransistor E9 to assume whatever voltage high speed input signal Acurrently has. Note that although a PMOS transistor P6 is in the highspeed signal path, the load on this transistor is very light comprisedof only one ECL transistor base and one NMOS transistor drain. Thislight load does not appreciably slow down signal propagation. It isnecessary to use the P6 transistor in the embodiment shown in FIG. 17because it is necessary to disconnect the high speed signal A from thebase of transistor E9 when the base is coupled to the low voltage supply52 so that the high speed data signal is not loaded down thereby slowingsignal propagation.

To disable emitter follower E9, steering signal EN9 is driven to itsinactive low state and complementary steering signal EN9- is driven toits inactive high state. This state causes NMOS transistor N7 to turnoff and NMOS transistor N6 to turn on simultaneously with PMOStransistor P6 turning off. This causes current source transistor CS5 tobe disconnected from the low voltage supply line 252 and become inactivethereby disabling the emitter follower transistor E9. Simultaneously,the base 254 of NPN transistor E9 is coupled to the low voltage supply252 to reverse bias the base-emitter junction and the base 54 is cut offfrom the A data input line 251 by virtue of transistor P6 turning off.By coupling the base 254 of transistor E9 to the low voltage supply, thebase-emitter junction of NPN transistor is reverse biased therebypreventing any voltage source coupled to the F1 output from accidentlyturning transistor E9 on.

Emitter follower E10 works in the same fashion as emitter follower E9.However, it may have a different physical geometry or emitter feedbackresistor R8 may have a different value so as to present differentvoltage levels on output line F2. Further, emitter follower E10 may bedesignated so as to be able to source more current to output line F2 todrive a long line. Thus, when steering signal EN10 is active high andsteering signal EN10- is active low, NMOS transistor N9 is on enablingthe current source transistor CS6 and NMOS transistor N8 is off whilePMOS transistor P7 is on thereby connecting the base 256 of NPNtransistor E10 to high speed data input A. To turn off E10, steeringsignal EN10 is made inactive low and steering signal EN10- is madeinactive high.

Note that the architecture of the circuit of FIG. 17 allows the highspeed data signal A to drive either output F1 or output F2, or bothsimultaneously or neither depending upon the states of the steeringsignals EN9 and EN10 and their complements. Each emitter follower has again of approximately one or greater and presents a high input impedanceto the data input A so as to prevent unnecessary loading of whatevercircuit is driving data input A.

Another high speed data input, B, on line 251 is coupled to the base ofan NPN emitter follower transistor E11 which also drives output F2. Iflevel shifting of the output swing of output F2 were desired when drivenby input B, emitter follower transistor E11 could be replaced by twotransistors in series such that two base emitter drops of approximately850 millivolts would be imposed between the high voltage supply line 60and the output F2 when the emitter follower E11 is turned on. Emitterfollower E11 and its steering circuitry works the same way as emitterfollowers E9 and E10. Specifically, when steering signal EN11 is activehigh and its complement EN11- is active low, NMOS transistor N10 is onand activates current source transistor CS7 by coupling the emitterthereof to low voltage supply line 252. The base of transistor CS7 iscoupled to the constant reference voltage Vref as are the bases ofcurrent source transistors CS5 and CS6. Simultaneously, NMOS transistorN11 is turned off by the low state of EN11- and PMOS transistor P8 isturned on thereby connecting the high speed data input B to the base ofemitter follower transistor E11. This causes the changes in logic levelof high speed data input signal B to be reflected on output F2 whileimposing the buffering, level shifting and boosted current drivebenefits of the emitter follower E11 between the high speed data inputsignal B and the output signal F2 which follows it.

Thus, by driving steering signal EN1 1 active high and steering signalEN10 inactive low and the complementary steering signals to theircorresponding active/inactive states, it is possible to drive output F2with input B. Likewise, by driving steering signal EN10 active high andsteering signal EN11 inactive low and the complementary steering signalsto their corresponding active/inactive states, it is possible to driveoutput F2 with input A. It is not permitted to have both steeringsignals EN10 and EN11 active high at the same time, although it ispermitted to have both inactive low simultaneously.

Note that the inputs A and B on lines 251 and 253 may be coupled to anyof the outputs shown in FIG. 13-16 such as Y or Y- etc., and note thatduplicate emitter follower circuitry may be used to couple to thecomplementary outputs. Also, the outputs F1 and F2 may be coupled to theinputs of the single ended circuit of FIG. 18 to provide any necessaryone Vbe drop (base-emitter voltage drop) to properly bias that circuit.The number of possible permutations and combinations of the fastswitching circuits and emitter follower circuitry that does not impedethe switching speed according to the teachings of the invention are toonumerous to draw them all, but they will be apparent to those skilled inthe art. Any fast switching circuit that uses MOS enabling circuitrythat is substantially removed from the data path to enable the switch ordo a steering function for the high speed data signals is equivalent towhat is taught herein and intended to be within the scope of the claimsappended hereto.

The consequence of use of the architecture of FIG. 17 in conjunctionwith the architecture of any of FIGS. 13-16 is that the high speedswitches of FIGS. 13-16 may be coupled to any other type of logic familyregardless of the logic levels of the logic family to which the highspeed switches are to be coupled. The level of the output signals atoutputs F1 and F2 can be raised by raising the voltage at the highvoltage supply line 260 or changing the values of emitter feedbackresistors R7, R8 and R9 and changing the characteristics of the currentsource transistors and/or changing the reference voltage Vref to alterthe level of current flowing through the emitter feedback resistors.Likewise, output level voltages can be shifted downward by coupling moreemitter follower transistors in series so that all transistors in thechain turn on or off simultaneously with changes in the input signallevels and so as to impose their base-emitter voltage drops in seriesbetween the high voltage supply line 260 and the corresponding output.This level shifting can be done without loss of the advantage of ECLspeeds. This provides great flexibility to designers. For example, inwell-known differential mode cascade logic, one set of data inputscoupled to the lower differential pair substituted for the normalcurrent source must be driven between level changes which are uniformlyone base-emitter voltage drop (approximately 850 millivolts) below thecorresponding levels of the other set of data inputs coupled to theupper differential pair. This can be done using the emitter followertechnology of FIG. 17, for example by driving one set of inputs with theF1 output and driving the other set of inputs coupled to the lowerdifferential pair with output F2 and substituting a pair of seriescoupled emitter followers for single emitter followers E10 and E11.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the concepts illustratedin FIG. 17 can be extended such that input A can drive more emitterfollowers and more outputs, and the crossbar switching capabilities ofinput A or B being able to drive input F2 can be extended to more inputsand outputs by modification of the circuit of FIG. 17. Likewise, theconcepts illustrated in FIGS. 13-16 may be extended to more inputs andmore outputs and can be extended to single ended technology. Generally,differentially coupled current mode logic devices are preferred, becausethe logic swing can be reduced with adequate noise immunity andtherefore great speeds can be achieved. However, where integratedcircuit space is an issue, and the number of transistors is to be helddown, single ended logic can also be used.

For example, a single-ended, fast OR gate employing the teachings of theinvention is shown in FIG. 18. In this circuit, a differentially coupledpair current mode NPN transistors 280, 281 and 284 are coupled to sharea common node 283. A reference signal Vbb is coupled to the base oftransistor 281, and high speed data input signals A and B coupled to thebases of transistors 280 and 281 have logic states which swing bothabove and below the level of Vbb. A constant current source comprised oftransistor 286 and resistor 288 selectively drives the common node 283when NMOS transistor 290 is turned on. This occurs when steering signalEN12 is active high. When this occurs, PMOS transistor 282 turns off andcommon node 283 is free to seek whatever voltage it normally assumeswhen the differential pair is enabled. The transistors 284, 280 and 281then drive the outputs Y and Y-. Pullup resistors 292 and 294 couple theoutputs to the high voltage source. The voltage swings of the signals oninputs A and B can be increased to increase noise immunity, but the highlevel of either signal cannot be higher than one base-emitter voltagedrop below the level of Vh on the line 300. Thus, an emitter followeraccording to the teachings of FIG. 17 could be used to drive the A and Binputs if necessary to provide the necessary one base-emitter drop.

The concept of FIG. 18 can be extended to any of the other switches orarrays shown in FIGS. 13-16 as will be apparent to those skilled in theart. Further, although NPN bipolar current mode logic technology is usedfor illustration, PNP bipolar technology could also be used, and anydifferentially coupled circuit could also be single ended. Further,other high speed switching technologies either now existing or to beinvented in the future could also be used to implement the teachings ofthe invention if the slower enabling/steering logic is kept out of thehigh speed data path.

Referring to FIG. 19, there is shown an overall top view of the layoutof a typical FPGA employing RIUs according to the teachings of theinvention and showing the relative positions thereof. Blocks 310 and 312are typical logic blocks of the core array of programmable logic blockswhich may be programmed to define the overall functionality of the chip.Blocks 314 and 316 are programmable I/O cells which are typical of theI/O cells which ring the array of logic blocks. The cross-hatched area318 which rings the array of logic blocks and lies between the logicblocks and the ring of I/O cells is called the padframe interfacecircuit. This circuit is used to connect the logic blocks of the corearray to the ring of I/O cells.

Typically, in the prior art, the padframe interface circuit area wasvery congested with circuit lines running all over and multiple metallayers in the integrated circuit structure. This complicated circuittook many hours to design and do the placement and routing. Each time anew chip in a family of FPGA was introduced with a bigger array of logicblocks, the padframe interface circuit had to be redesigned--a processwhich considerably slowed down the time to introduction of the new chipto the market. The RIUs according to the teachings of the inventionspeed up that time to market by considerably shortening the time todesign the padframe interface circuit.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram of the functionality of a typical logic blocksuch as logic block 310. The RIUs of the invention are not limited toworking with the particular logic block of FIG. 20 however. A typicallogic block has an AND/OR section 320, a first multiplexer 322, anarithmetic section 324, a comparator section 326, a 32-bit RAM section328, a second multiplexer section 330, a first flip-flop 332, a secondflip flop 334, a combinatorial logic section 336 and a third multiplexer338. Each logic block has 18 inputs shown at 340 and 3 outputs shown at342. The three outputs are driven by the combinatorial logic or the flipflops. Input 344 is a local, global or quadrant clock signal, and input346 is a local or global set/reset signal. Each column of logic blocksis separated from the next column of logic blocks by a column ofnorth-south connection lines shown symbolically as four lines, column350 being typical. Each of the 4 north-south lines in each columnrepresents 9 individual conductors for a total of 36 traces. Of these 36conductors, 30 conductors are outputs and 6 are inputs.

Any 24 of the output conductors are coupled to the RIUs in the padframeinterface, the other 6 stopping at the edge of the array. All 6 of theinput conductors are coupled to the RIU connection matrices, as will bedescribed in more detail below. The single lines 352 and 354 coming outof logic block 356 represent the collection of input and output lines toand from logic block 356. These input and output lines are coupled toselected ones of the 36 north-south column lines in column 350 and theeast-west signal lines of row bus 372 using a not fully populated matrixof programmable connections represented schematically by the X-likesymbols of which symbol 358 is typical. These programmable connectionsare, in this particular core configuration, implemented using one-waytri-state driver built in CMOS. The one way connections are from theeast-west signal lines represented by line 352 to the north-south signallines of column 350.

FIG. 22A is a schematic diagram of the preferred tri-state driver, andFIG. 22B is the truth table defining its operation. When the enablesignal on line 360, which is defined by a programmable bit storedelsewhere on the chip in memory, is low, the output line Y is tri stateand no transition on input A gets through to output Y. When enablesignal E is high, logic levels and transitions on input A are invertedand appear on output Y. Note that the tristate driver is an activedevice which regenerates the input signal on A on output line Y therebyreplenishing energy lost to parasitics from the signal on input A. Theuse of any of the active repeaters described herein for interconnectshas the advantage of speeding up the operation of the chip by segmentingthe load. In the prior art pass transistor based interconnects, a logicblock driving a signal to another logic block through a long net of passtransistor sees the entire load to the next logic block. When the sameinterconnect is implemented with active repeaters, the load is segmentedsuch that each active repeater sees only the load to the next activerepeater. The active repeater fully regenerates the signal and providesthe optimum amount of drive to its load. Another significant advantageof active repeaters is fanout. With pass transistors, the V_(t) drop ofeach pass transistor reduces the voltage and current available to drivea load so if there is significant fanout to multiple loads, the problemgets even worse. With an active repeater, there is plenty of current todrive many loads, so performance is not significantly degraded as fanoutincreases within the current drive capability of the active repeater. pOther implementations for the tri-state driver in biCMOS or othertechnologies compatible with the logic block construction can also beused. Programmability of the connection is provided by a signal definedby a bit stored in memory and supplied on line 360 to make or block theconnection. The matrix of connections can be fully populated ifsufficient chip area exists and power consumption and cooling issues areadequately managed.

Bidirectional active repeaters, represented by blocks 362 and 364 inFIG. 21, are used to provide programmable connections between theconductors represented by lines 366 and 368 and the programmableconnection matrix at 370 such that signals can be driven in eitherdirection. The symbols 362 and 364 represent a bidirectional activerepeater on each of the individual signal lines represented by buses 366and 368. Each of these bidirectional active repeaters preferably has thestructure shown in FIG. 23A and operates in accordance with the truthtable shown in FIG. 23B, but they can also have the structure of any ofthe other bidirectional repeaters disclosed herein.

The bidirectional active repeaters act as buffers and serve severalfunctions. First, pairs of bidirectional active repeaters on the sameline act as natural dividers to segment one conductive line intomultiple segments. These active repeaters shield the line segmentsbetween the repeaters from the parasitic capacitances and resistancesaffecting the line outside the segment of interest. This segmentationcauses the capacitive load seen by the drivers at the output of a logicblock or an I/O cell to be fixed and limited to the amount of parasiticcapacitance coupled to the particular segment to which the driver isconnected. For example, conductive line 366 has two separate segmentsdefined therein. The first segment lies between active repeater 364 andactive repeater 357. The second segment lies between active repeater 357and active repeater 359. Focussing on the first line segment, suppose adriver in logic block 361 has its output coupled to one of the lines ofbus 355 and suppose that line is coupled by a tri-state driver to line366. In this situation, the parasitic capacitances seen by this drivercoupled to the first segment of line 366 will be limited to only thoseparasitic capacitances of devices actually physically connected to thisfirst line segment. Specifically, FIG. 33 is an approximate equivalentcircuit of the load parasitic capacitances seen at the output of adriver 363 within logic block 361 by virtue of it being coupled to thefirst segment of line 366 (represented by reference number 366' in FIG.33). The gate and drain parasitic capacitances of repeaters 364 and 357are represented by capacitors 364' and 357'. The driver 363 also seesthe capacitance 365' of the disabled line buffer 365' inside logic block365 in FIG. 21 since this driver cannot be simultaneously enabled withdriver 363 to drive the same line segment. Driver 363 also sees theparasitic gate (unidirectional repeaters--370' and 371' are gateparasitics only, but for local bidirectional repeaters 370' and 371'represent both gate and diffusion parasitic capacitances) capacitances370' and 371' representing all the gates of tri-state drivers connectedto line 366' in the programmable vertical-to-horizontal connectionmatrices 370 and 371, respectively, at the intersection of the verticalline segment 366' and horizontal buses over which it passes. Finally,driver 363 also sees the parasitic capacitance between the line segment366' itself and the substrate, represented by capacitor 373.

Because driver 363 sees a constant capacitive load regardless of whetherthe active repeaters are programmed to be "on" or "off", it can beoptimally structured to drive this load. This is also true of all theactive repeaters in the FPGA--they can all be designed optimally todrive a fixed capacitive load. Specifically, optimized active repeaterscan be used for the repeaters that segment the individual signalconductors of the horizontal and vertical buses in the core array andwhich segment the I₋₋ lines and O₋₋ lines of the alternative RIUstructure described herein and which populate the programmableconnection matrices in both the core array at the intersections of thehorizontal and vertical buses and elsewhere and at the intersections ofthe individual conductors of the vertical buses or columns with the I₋₋lines and O₋₋ lines of the RIUs.

Note in FIG. 21 that the placement of active repeaters in the individualconductive signal lines of the vertical buses is staggered in symbolicgroups of four. Likewise, the active repeaters in the horizontal busesare also staggered in symbolic groups of three. This staggering ofactive repeaters improves access. "Access" is defined as the number oflogic blocks to which the output of a single logic block can connectwhile crossing no "repeater boundaries" (a repeater boundary is anactive repeater dividing a line into two segments) and only onevertical-to-horizontal active repeater connection between a vertical busconductor and a horizontal bus conductor). Having a high degree ofaccess is important in an active repeater for highest performance andease of routability. The staggered nature of the active repeatersimproves access because the routing regions are not regular, and thisirregularity allows the output of a logic block to access a much greaterarea. If the active repeaters were not staggered, any logic block outputcan only get to 13 other logic blocks (in the particular 2×2 corestructure with an active repeater on every vertical and horizontal lineat every other logic block) before crossing a repeater boundary.Crossing a repeater boundary is not a serious disadvantage but it doesadd another repeater delay and slows down performance slightly. Withstaggered repeaters in some embodiments within the genus of the corearray configuration invention, a single logic block can access 8 otherlogic blocks not including itself without crossing a repeater boundaryin either a vertical conductor or a horizontal conductor. In this case,the delays to all 34 logic blocks are equal. If crossing a singlerepeater boundary is allowed, the number of logic blocks a single logicblock can access grows to a substantially larger number. Higher degreesof access greatly simplifies the placement and routing software designedto decide which programmable connections to make to implement a desiredfunctionality and minimize interconnect delays. This also lowers theneed to place timing critical circuits in the same region of the array.

Driver 363 in FIG. 33 is only symbolic. FIG. 34 represents the actualconfiguration of the output drivers and output lines from each logicblock. Each logic block can output only three signals, labelled F, R andM. Each output drives ten tri-state drivers symbolized by drivers 375and 377 in the case of output signal F. The ten output lines for each ofthese three sets of ten tri-state drivers intersect with the 30 outputlines of the vertical channel, represented by vertical bus 350'representing only the 30 output lines of the vertical channel 350 andignoring the six input lines. At preselected intersections, directconnections are made without the use of active repeaters.

Note that in the equivalent circuit of FIG. 33, there are no parasiticcapacitances representing loads coupled to line 366 above repeater 364or below repeater 357. Also, note that there are no parasiticcapacitances coupled to line segment 366' representing loads coupled toany of the lines of the horizontal buses passing through programmableconnection matrices 370 and 371 since those are blocked by the tri-statedriver active repeaters in the programmable connection matrices 370 and371.

This segmentation by active repeaters limits the capacitance on thesegment of the line between two active repeaters because there is no"direct connection" between the line segments coupled to differentterminals of the same active repeater. As the phrase is used in theclaims, the lack of a "direct connection" means that there is no directconductive path from one line segment to the other such that chargecarriers from one line segment can flow directly through the activerepeater to the other line segment. In a pass transistor FPGA, chargecarriers can flow from one line segment coupled to the source to theother line segment coupled to the drain through the channel when thepass transistor is programmed to be "on". This direct path from one linesegment to another does not exist in the preferred MOS inverter activerepeater because in an MOS-based active repeater, one line segment istypically coupled to the gate of the MOS inverter and the other linesegment is coupled to the drain thereof. There is no direct conductivepath through the MOS inverter in which electrons can move from one linesegment to the other. Although some current may flow between the linesegments momentarily by capacitive coupling between the gate and thedrain, after that parasitic capacitance is charged, no further directcurrent will flow between the line segments. In contrast, in a passtransistor, current originating from the driver of a logic block or I/Ocell can flow directly from one line segment coupled to the source ofthe pass transistor to the other line segment coupled to the drain ofthe pass transistor through the channel of the device when it is turnedon and start charging all the parasitic capacitances coupled to thedrain of the pass transistor. This slows down propagation of a signalfrom this driver because propagation is measured by the time it takesfrom launch of a 0-to-1 logic transition at the output of the driver toattainment at the other end of the line of a predetermined voltage onthe 0-to-1 transition. Charging of all the new parasitic capacitancesadded to the load of the driver as each new line segment is added in apass transistor based FPGA as an interconnect is built by the routingsoftware naturally slows down the propagation time of a logic transitionfrom the output of the driver to the other end of the interconnect.

With an active repeater, regardless of whether it is programmed "on" or"off", there is no direct current path between the line segments forcharging current to flow from a driver coupled to a first line segmentto one or more parasitic capacitances coupled only to the second linesegment. Thus, the additional propagation delay of adding each new linesegment in a pass transistor based FPGA does not occur in an FPGA wherethe conductive lines are segmented by active repeaters.

Another significant advantage of this segmentation of lines by activerepeaters is that it allows the same line to be used for multipleinterconnects by using different segments of it for differentinterconnects.

However, the key advantage which arises out of the use of activerepeaters, whether they are bidirectional or unidirectional tri-statedrivers, is the segmentation of the capacitive loads seen by the driversat the outputs of logic blocks and the resulting predictability of thedelays which that entails. With the active repeaters segmenting thelines in either the columns or rows of the core array or in the I₋₋ lineor O₋₋ lines of the RIUs, the capacitive load seen by the drivers at theoutput of the logic blocks or I/O cells does not change regardless ofwhether the active repeaters are programmed to be "on" or "off" becausethe parasitic capacitances coupled to line segments other than the linesegment to which the driver is coupled are not being charged by currentfrom that driver. This is true because the segments of a line connectedby an active repeater are not directly connected so that current canflow from one segment directly to the other line segment. Although whenthe active repeater is programmed to be on, current/voltage in one linesegment will cause current flow in the other line segment, the currentflowing in the other line segment is current from the power supply andnot from the output of the driver driving the first line segment. Thisis because, in the case of MOS inverters or bidirectional activerepeaters, one segment of the line is coupled to a gate of an MOS deviceof the active repeater and the other segment is coupled to a drain of anMOS device. As a result, the only load seen by a driver coupled to drivethe segment coupled to the gate is the gate capacitance of the activerepeater plus any other parasitics coupled to that segment, and anyparasitics coupled to the segment coupled to the drain are not seen byany driver coupled to the line segment coupled to the gate. Likewise,drivers coupled to the segment coupled to the drain see only the load ofthe drain plus any other parasitic coupled to that segment, and anyparasitics coupled to the segment coupled to the gate of the activerepeater do not affect the load of the segment coupled to the drain.This is true whether the active repeater is on or off because there isno direct connection between the segments. This situation is not true ofa pass transistor based interconnect, because when the pass transistoris turned on, there is a direct current flow between the line segmentsand all the parasitics coupled to both segments coupled together throughthe pass transistor will affect any driver coupled to either segment.

This simple fact of direct connection in pass transistor interconnectFPGAs causes unpredictability of the loads affecting drivers at the dataoutputs of logic blocks or I/O cells in pass transistor based FPGAs andcauses exponential rises in delays in these prior art FPGAs as thelength of an interconnect gets longer by connecting multiple segmentstogether through multiple pass transistors.

The unpredictability of the delay in pass transistor based FPGAs alsosubstantially complicates the routing software used to routeinterconnections in these FPGAs. Routing software attempts to minimizethe delays involved in making a connection from one logic block toanother or from a logic block to an I/O cell. As pass transistors areprogrammed to be "on" to connect one line segment to another, all theparasitic capacitances coupled to the line segment just added plus anyparasitic capacitances coupled to other line segments coupled throughother "on" pass transistors to the line segment just added now must beadded to the parasitic capacitances coupled to the line segment alreadypart of the interconnect being built by the software. This is asubstantial complication in the software because it must do RC timeconstant calculations for all the new parasitics coupled to each linesegment just added. This is a floating point calculation and is slowerand more complicated calculation than the simple addition of a lump sumknown delay of a new active repeater. Further, the new delay isunpredictable because it depends upon the previous history of therouting process where other parasitics may have been connected to thenewly added line segment in previous routing operations.

In contrast, if the same length interconnect is made by coupling thesame number of line segments together through the same number of activerepeaters as there were pass transistors, the delay rises in only amodular, predictable fashion. The delay of the newly routed interconnectis equal to the sum of the fixed and known in advance delay of each linesegment that comprises the interconnect. The delay for each segment isthe total RC time constant delay for that segment alone taking intoaccount all the parasitic capacitances affecting that line segment. Thedifference in routing calculation of time delays for each interconnectover the pass transistor FPGAs is that the delay calculation can be madesimply by adding up the known, fixed delay of each line segment whereasin a pass transistor FPGA, the delay calculation is a floating pointcalculation and the outcome depends upon the previous routes which havebeen established. In the active repeater FPGA, the delay calculationnever depends upon the previous routes that have been established. Thatis, the overall delay will depend upon the previous routes in the sensethat the previous routes will preclude use of certain line segments thatwould have been used for a shorter route. Therefore, previous routingdecisions may dictate how many line segments are needed to make the newroute. The difference is that each new line segment's delay is known inadvance, predictable and does not change with previous routing decisionsso the total delay calculation is a simple addition of the known delaysfor each line segment.

The reason for this behavior is that the parasitics of new line segmentsare being charged by the output of the active repeater coupled to thatline segment using current from the Vcc supply of that active repeaterand not from the source driver. In other words, with each new segmentadded to the interconnect, the delay rises by only the known delay ofthe new segment, and the load of the new segment is not added to theload of the previous segment requiring a new RC time constantcalculation. Thus, higher predictability of performance can be achievedby doing interconnects through active repeaters. This not only vastlyspeeds up performance in terms of propagation times for signals but alsosubstantially simplifies the calculations required of the routingsoftware.

The same attributes apply to the biCMOS active repeaters disclosedherein. For example, with the biCMOS multiplexer of FIG. 13, one linesegment will be coupled to the A and A- input port which is coupled tothe bases of the bipolar NPN differentially coupled devices E1 and E2and E3 or E4. The other line segment will be coupled to either the Y1and Y1- or Y2 and Y2- ports coupled to the collectors of the bipolar NPNdifferentially coupled devices E1 and E2 or E3 or E4. There is no directconduction path for electrons to flow from the base to the collectors ofthe devices because any current flowing into the base is caused byrecombination of carriers crossing the forward biased base-emitterjunction with holes in the base region. The base current is anequivalent current to the amount of recombination occurring in the baseregion. Thus, current flowing into the base does not cross the reversebiased base-collector junction and reach the parasitic capacitancescoupled to the line segment coupled to the collector. Instead, theparasitic capacitances coupled to the line segment coupled to thecollector are charged by the main current flow supplied by the powersupply which flows across the forward biased base-emitter junction,through the base region without recombination and across the reversebiased base collector junction. Thus, there is no direct current flowfrom the line segment coupled to the base to the line segment coupled toany of the collectors. Thus, the meaning of the phrase "no directconnection" in the claims is that there is no direct flow of electronsor holes through the active repeater from one line segment coupled to anactive repeater to another line segment coupled to the active repeater.Therefore, the meaning of "active repeater" in the claims is any circuitwhich, in addition to being able to bring gain to bear in transferring asignal from one line segment to another in regenerating the signal byreplacing losses to the parasitics with current to the power supply, butalso having a structure which provides "no direct connection" betweenline segments coupled to the active repeater so charge carriers cannottransition directly from one line segment to another through the activerepeater.

From all of the above it is clear that pass transistor basedinterconnects have delays which increase at an exponential rate becauseof the RC networks that are added as the interconnect gets longer.Further, pass transistor based interconnects do not scale with thetechnology. In contrast, active repeater based interconnects haveconstant delay until the next repeater boundary is crossed and then thedelay jumps by a known incremental amount not related to the number ofparasitic capacitances coupled to the line segment added to theinterconnect. Active repeater interconnects do scale with thetechnology.

Returning to the consideration of FIG. 21, the programmable connectionmatrix at 370 in FIG. 21 is a partially populated matrix withprogrammable connections, represented by bubbles or ovals, each whichmay be either one-way active repeater like the tri-state inverter ofFIG. 22A or a bidirectional active repeater like the circuit shown inFIG. 23A. In some embodiments, the active repeaters within theprogrammable connection matrices within the core array or within theRIUs are all unidirectional active repeaters. However, in the preferredembodiment, the programmable connection matrices are primarilyunidirectional active repeaters with some bidirectional activerepeaters. The presence of the bidirectional active repeaters in theprogrammable connection matrices of the core array and the RIU'sincreases the number of possible connection routes that can be made bythe routing software. Further, in the preferred embodiment there aredifferent types of programmable connection matrices each with differentconnection possibilities. These different types of programmableconnection matrices are "rolled" along the horizontal buses in the corearray and "rolled" along the O-lines buses in the RIU's. "Rolled" asthat term is used herein means sequentially alternated. For example, inFIG. 21, if there are four different "flavors" (different connectionpossibilities) they will be rolled by making programmable connectionmatrices (PCM) 370 flavor 1, PCM 650 will be flavor 2, PCM 652 will beflavor 3, PCM 654 will be flavor 4 and PCM 656 will be flavor 1. Thesequence then repeats.

This rolling is done only along the horizontal buses and not along thevertical buses. The reason for this is the rolling increases the amountof "chaos", i.e., lack of regularity, in the programmable connectionpossibilities available. This increased chaos eases the job of therouting software.

The different programmable connection possibilities in each PCM is notreally a chaotic or random event, the particular connectionpossibilities for each PCM are selected so that they are all differentwithin the rolling group, but so as to provide "completeness" andsubstantially equal "weighting". "Completeness" means that theparticular programmable connection possibilities selected for theindividual PCM's within the rolling group are selected to be differentfor each PCM, but are selected such that when the rolling pattern isrepeated, all logic block inputs, all logic block outputs and all I/Opins can be reached by at least one conductive path. Substantially equal"weighting" means that the programmable connection within the PCM's isselected within the rolling group of PCM's so that each PCM is differentbut such that when the rolling pattern is repeated in the core array andRIU, each output of a logic block or each I/O pin can be programmablyconnected to substantially the same number of inputs as any other logicblock output or I/O pin. In other words "completeness" and substantiallyequal "weighting" means that in an FPGA having PCM's having thesecharacteristics each input, output and I/O pin can be reached somehowand none are substantially choked off more than the others in terms ofthe routing possibilities to it.

Returning to the consideration of FIG. 21, other embodiments of activerepeaters disclosed herein will also work in the programmable connectionmatrices in the core and RIU's, but the circuits of FIGS. 22A and 23Aare preferred. These active repeaters in matrix 370 make programmableconnections between selected ones of the north-south conductors ofcolumn 350 and the conductors of east-west row 372, and, atintersections having bidirectional active repeaters, vice versa.

The logic block 356 is connected to the lines of the east-west row 372by a bus 354 each line of which is the output of a multiplexer, themultiplexers being represented by the Xs on bus 354. The symbol 374 inthis instance represents a 10 or 11 input multiplexer with its inputscoupled to each of the 10 individual conductors represented by bus 376.The multiplexer has a sufficient number of select inputs (not shown) toselect one of the conductors in bus 376 which is connected to one of theinputs represented by line 354. The select signals are programmable andthe logic states on these lines are defined by programming bits storedin memory cells (not shown) set by the user. The preferred circuit forthe multiplexers is shown in FIG. 27 which shows a 4-input bufferedmultiplexer which can be extended to as many inputs as needed. This samemultiplexer is used for the multiplexers 456, 458 and 460 in FIG. 26 andfor all the multiplexers in each RIU programmable connection matrix.These buffered multiplexers are also considered active repeaters becausethey have gain and can reconstruct a signal and there is no directconnection between line segments coupled to the inputs and outputs.

FIG. 23A is a circuit diagram of the preferred CMOS bidirectionaltri-state driver, and FIG. 23B is a truth table defining the operationof the circuit of FIG. 23A.

When the enable A (EA) and enable B (EB) programmable control inputs onlines 380 and 382 are both low, the driver is in tri-state mode and nosignal on line A propagates to line B or vice versa. When EA is low andEB is high, signal line B is an input and signal line A is an output sotransitions on B show up on output line A inverted and with energy lostto parasitics replaced by the active nature of the repeater. Likewise,when EA is high and EB is low, signal line A is the input and signalline B is the output so transitions on A show up inverted on B withenergy lost to parasitics replaced and the signal regenerated.

The ovals within connection matrix 370 in FIG. 21 represent either theone-way tri-state driver of FIG. 22A or the bi-directional tri-statedriver of FIG. 23A. The particular programmable connection possibilitiesselected for connection matrix 370 and the connection matrix between theconductors of column 350 and the conductors represented by line 352 arenot part of the RIU invention claimed herein and any combination ofone-way and bidirectional active repeaters at any combination ofjunctions will suffice to practice the RIU invention.

Referring to FIG. 24, there is shown a top view layout diagram for asingle RIU showing the relative positioning of the RIU for coupling tothe columns of four logic blocks, 8 I/O cells and pads, one power padfor the I/O circuitry, one ground pad for the I/O circuitry and twoslots which can be used for dedicated pins or for power and groundconnections to supply the core logic blocks. Logic blocks 0-3 are laidout in areas 384, 386, 388 and 390. The north-south column of input andoutput lines is shown at 350 with the one-way tri-state buffers coupledto line 352 in FIG. 21 laid out in area 392, the bidirectional repeaters362 and 364 in FIG. 21 laid out in area 394 and the programmableconnection matrix 370 laid out in area 396. Areas 398, 400 and 402contain memory for storing programming bits to define the state of theprogrammable connections made in the matrices in areas 392, 394 and 396.Area 404 is the SRAM for logic block 384, and area 406 is the memorythat defines the functionality of the logic block and the configurationof the SRAM.

The 8 I/O pads are shown as IO₋₋ 0 through IO₋₋ 7, and their respectiveprogrammable logic that defines whether each pad is an input or outputsignal line is laid out in areas 408, 410, 412, 414, 416, 418, 420 and422, respectively. A full slot 424 and half slots 426 and 428 (sharedwith neighboring RIUs) complete the possible input and output connectionpossibilities for the RIU indicated generally at 430. These slots can beused for dedicated signal line or for power and ground connections tosupply power to the circuits of the core array.

The RIU includes 4 programmable connection matrices one of which isoutlined in dashed lines at 432. Each of these 4 programmable connectionmatrices within an RIU has a partial population of possible connectionswhich is different. Each is equivalent in the sense that each provides aplurality of programmable connection possibilities. However, in thepreferred embodiment, the specific connection possibilities aredifferent for different connection matrices, because this creates"chaos" in the routing possibilities which helps the routing software.In interface circuit 432, area 434 contains a plurality of tri-statebuffer drivers which form part of the programmable connection matrix.The overall RIU is a circuit of fixed design, placement and layout, butit provides a multitude of connection possibilities through programmingof the connection matrices. Each RIU is comprised of 4 interface cellsor programmable connection matrices, 8 I/O cells each of which can beprogrammed to be either an input or an output (or both), 1 power pin and1 ground pin to supply power to the I/O cells and 2 slots comprised of acomplete slot in the middle of the I/O cells and two 1/2 slots. Thisentire RIU structure can be "cut and pasted" into an FPGA circuit layoutas many times as needed to handle the necessary connections to the corearray of logic blocks. Because the ratio of I/O to power and ground pinsis the same in every RIU, this ratio remains the same as more RIUs areadded to handle connections to bigger core arrays or RIUs are taken awaywhen the size of the core array decreases. Further, the connectivity(connection possibilities) of the core array to the I/O cells throughthe RIUs remains the same as the number of RIUs increases or decreases.Thus, the increased number of connections needed to handle bigger arraysare automatically provided by cutting and pasting more RIUs into thedesign. The fact that the padframe interface circuit can be designed bythis simple cut and paste operation substantially reduces the timeneeded for design, placement and routing functions and substantiallyreduces the time to market for a new chip in the family. The standardinterface circuit also provides scaleability with changing processlithography design rules. The exact connections which are programmablypossible within the RIU programmable connection matrix and the exactcircuitry used to make these connections possibilities available andprogrammable are not critical to the genus of the invention. Theinvention of the genus lies in the fact that all the RIUs are the sameand have the same ratio of I/O to power and ground pins and all provideprogrammable connections to the input and output signal lines of thesame number of columns thereof coming out of the core logic block array.This provides "cut and paste" utility to designing the padframeinterface for bigger FPGAs in the same family thereby reducing time tomarket, and provides scaleability by virtue of the constant ratios whichare maintained as the number of RIUs rises.

PREFERRED SPECIES OF RIU WITHIN THE INVENTIVE GENUS

Referring to FIG. 25, there is shown a block diagram of the structure ofone RIU including details on the programmable connection possibilitiesprovided by the programmable connection matrix. The RIU's programmableconnection matrix is represented by four individual programmableconnection matrices, one of which is outlined at 450. Multiple,partially populated connection matrices are represented by the X's sinceeach of the horizontal and vertical signal lines in the diagram actuallyrepresents plural lines. The particular connection possibilitiesselected for this species are given in table form below, but othercombinations of partially populated connection possibilities arepossible for different species and fully populated (a programmableconnection possibility at every intersection between crossing signallines) connection matrices are also possible in some species. Fullypopulated connection matrices are not as fast as partially populatedmatrices because of the number of gate loads on the signal lines and theassociated parasitic capacitance loads placed on the signal paths.Parasitic capacitance slows signal propagation.

The general structure of the programmable connection matrix is asdescribed in the following paragraphs. Twelve intermediary signal linescalled O₋₋ lines, shown at 452, are used to make output I/O connections,and 12 intermediary signal lines called I₋₋ lines, shown at 454, to makeinput I/O connections. Multiplexers such as multiplexers 456, 458 and460 make programmable connections between the O₋₋ lines and the threeinputs of each I/O cell used for data output. The multiplexers have thestructure shown in FIG. 27 but extended to as many inputs as necessary.

A partially populated array of tri-state drivers symbolized by X's 462and 464 are used to make programmable connections between the 24 outputsignal lines of bus 466 taken from the 36 total lines of column 350which extends into the array of programmable logic blocks (not shown).Likewise, a partially populated array of tri-state drivers symbolized byX's 468 and 470 make programmable connections between the data-in line72 coming from the I/O cell IO₋₋ 0 and the I₋₋ lines 454. The tri-statedrivers of these two connection arrays preferably have the structureshown in FIG. 22A. Likewise, a partially populated array of tri-statedrivers symbolized by X's 473 and 474 make programmable connectionsbetween the 6 data input lines of bus 476 of column 350 and the I₋₋lines.

This general structure is repeated for each of the four programmableconnection matrices like matrix 450. Each programmable connection matrixconnects two I/O cells, either one or both of which may be programmed asa data input or a data output (or both meaning a signal exits the array,goes to an I/O cell on a first line and is turned around in the I/O celland sent back into the core array on a different line), to one columnsuch as column 350 which goes into the logic block array. The I₋₋ linesextend across the entire RIU and are coupled to each of the fourprogrammable connection matrices. The O₋₋ lines extend only half wayacross the RIU in this species and connect to only two of the fourprogrammable connection matrices, but there are two sets of O₋₋ lines,one of which couples to the first two connection matrices and the otherof which couples to the other two connection matrices. The abovedescribed general structure is repeated for each RIU.

The overall RIU provides the connection possibilities generallydescribed below through the programmable connection matrix for the topand bottom edges of the padframe interface. In this particular species,left and right side padframe interface connection possibilities aredifferent from the top and bottom interface circuits and are differentfrom each other. This is because of the specific architecture of thecore array chosen (which is not part of the invention), but in somespecies the left and right side connection possibilities in the padframeinterface connection matrix may be the same as the top and bottom.

For the top and bottom edge connection matrices, each RIU couples tofour columns such as column 350 coming out of the core array. There isone programmable connection matrix per column. Each column has 24 outputlines and 6 input lines. The overall RIU programmable connection matrixprovided by the four programmable connection matrices is coupled toprovides output connectivity to the core array such that any of the fourI/O cells coupled to a particular set of O₋₋ lines which is programmedas an data output can programmably receive its data from any of apreselected 14 of the 24 total output lines from each of the two columnscoupled to the same set of O₋₋ lines that the four I/O cells are coupledto. In other words, although any particular I/O cell programmed toprovide a data output can only be driven by one output signal from thecore array, that one output signal can be, by proper programming of theappropriate connection matrices, be from any of a preselected 14 of the24 output lines from one of the columns to which those matrices arecoupled or any of a preselected 14 of the 24 output lines from the otherof the two columns to which the connection matrices are coupled.

Input connectivity is slightly different because any input pin can beused to drive multiple inputs to the core array simultaneously. Theparticular species of RIU selected for the top and bottom padframeinterface circuit allows any of the eight I/Os of the RIU programmed asan input to simultaneously drive up to 3 preselected input lines of the6 input lines of each of the four columns. The only restriction is thatonly one I/O cell programmed as an input can drive any particular I₋₋line at any particular time since the I₋₋ lines extend across the entireRIU and are coupled to all four connection matrices. To make this clear,suppose that I/O cell IO₋₋ 0 is programmed as an input and theconnection matrix to which it is coupled is programmed such that thedata-in line 472 of this particular I/O cell is connected to drive I₋₋line 11 through a tri-state driver. I₋₋ line 11 can be coupled to aselected one of the 6 input lines of two selected columns throughtri-state drivers, and all of those tri-state drivers can be programmedto be turned on so that this single data input signal can be driven onto2 different signal inputs of two selected columns. By changing the I₋₋line which the data input line 472 drives, up to three data input linesin each of the four columns can be driven simultaneously. These inputconnection possibilities are detailed in tables of the Figures for theRIU's of the top, bottom, left and right sides of core array. Since thedata input line is not programmably connected to each I₋₋ line becausethe connection matrices 482 and 484 are not fully populated, it cannotdrive all six input lines of each of the four columns in this particularspecies.

The nature of the connections in the programmable connection matrix 450represented by the X's is made more clear in FIG. 26 which is asimplified block diagram of a typical I/O cell showing its four inputsand output and how those three of those inputs which are in use when theI/O cell is programmed as an output are coupled to the O₋₋ lines and howthe O₋₋ lines are coupled to the 24 output signal lines of the column350. Referring to FIG. 26, the I/O cell 498 is comprised of a dataoutput driver 500 and a data input driver 502. The I/O cell 498 isprogrammed as an output when switch 504 is programmed to connect anoutput enable signal line 506 labelled OE to the enable input 508 of thedata output driver. The I/O cell can also be programmed as both a dataoutput and a data input by changing the state of switch 504periodically. In this type operation, a data output signal emerges fromthe core logic array on a data output line of column 350 and is routedto driver 500. Switch 504 is set to a state such that driver 500receives the data output signal and drives it onto line 520. Wheredriver 502 receives it. Since driver 502 is always enabled, it driveswhatever signal is on line 520 onto line 472. Line 472 can be coupledthrough the I₋₋ lines and the programmable connection matrix to variousinput signal lines of various columns. Thus, it is possible to take dataoutputs on some lines of the columns and route them back into the corearray on various data input lines of various columns through an I/Ocell. This provides the possibility offloading some of the routingproblems in the core array that cannot be routed within the core arrayitself because of a bottleneck to interconnects made through abidirectional I/O cell.

Polarity (whether 1 or 0 activates it) of switch 504 is controlled by aprogrammable bit stored in memory cell 510. The switch 504 is turned onor off by data on line 506 driven by the core array through MUX 458.When the OE line is connected to driver 500, an active output enablesignal on line 506 will cause the driver 500 to come out of a highimpedance tri-state mode and drive whatever data signal that exists onD₀ line 512 out to pad 514, wire bond 516 and pin 518 via line 520. ACKE clock enable line 522 carries a clock enable signal which is onlyused in register mode.

The signals supplied to the I/O cell 498 are supplied from the array ofcore logic blocks through three multiplexers. Multiplexer 458 has fiveinputs 526 which make non-programmable tap connections to 5 selected O₋₋lines (detailed in the table of FIG. 28) of the 12 total O₋₋ lines.Which particular one of these O₋₋ lines that is selected for coupling toOE line 506 is programmably controlled through a programmable switchingcircuit as shown in FIG. 26, which controls the states of 3 select bitson bus 530. The state of switching circuit 528 is controlled byprogramming bits stored in memory 532. In the preferred embodiment, thethree select lines 530 are controlled by three individual programmingbits.

The particular O₋₋ line which is selected to drive the Do line 512 iscontrolled by multiplexer 456, switching circuit 536 which controls thestates of three select bits of the select input of multiplexer 456 andprogrammable bits stored in memory 540 that control the state of theswitching circuit 536. Again, individual programming bits can be used tocontrol the select lines. Multiplexer 456 has 7 inputs that arenon-programmably connected to 7 selected O₋₋ lines of the 12 total.Which particular O₋₋ lines are selected is detailed in Table 1.Likewise, the CKE clock enable line 522 is controlled using multiplexer460, switching circuit 544 and memory cell 546. Multiplexer 460 has 4inputs which are non-programmably coupled to the 4 selected O₋₋ linesdetailed in the table of FIG. 28, column 606.

In this particular species, the 12 O₋₋ lines are each programmablycoupled through individual, programmable tri-state drivers to 2 selectedones of the 24 output lines of column 350. This is symbolically shown asthe connection of output line 550 through tri-state driver 552 to O₋₋line 556. Whether tri-state driver 552 is turned on or turned off isprogrammably controlled by a bit stored in memory cell 554. Theparticular ones of the 24 output lines of column 350 which can beprogrammed to be connected to particular O₋₋ lines is detailed in thetable of FIG. 28.

The table of FIG. 28 details the output connection possibilities fordriving the D₀, CKE and OE lines of each I/O cell programmed as anoutput for each RIU in either the top or bottom padframe interfacecircuit and is specific to the particular species used in the top andbottom padframe interface. Other programmable connection possibilitiesmay be selected for other species and connection matrices which areeither more populated or less populated may be used and still be withinthe genus of the invention. The table of FIG. 28 details the "hardwired" connections of the inputs of multiplexers 456, 458 and 460 to theO₋₋ lines so as to control the D₀, OE and CKE inputs of an I/O cellprogrammed as an output, and also details the programmable connectionpossibilities between the 24 output lines of each column and the 12 O₋₋lines.

In the table of FIG. 28, column 600 represents the 12 O₋₋ lines, andcolumn 602 represents the connection taps between the O₋₋ lines and theseven inputs of multiplexer 456 whose output is the D₀ input of the I/Ocell 498. The taps to the O₋₋ lines of the five inputs 526 ofmultiplexer 458 controlling the OE input of I/O cell 498 are shown as Xsin column 604 of the table of FIG. 28. The taps to the O₋₋ lines of thefour inputs 599 in FIG. 26 of multiplexer 460 controlling the CKE inputof the I/O cell 498 are shown as Xs in column 606 of FIG. 28. Theconnection patterns to the O₋₋ lines of the three multiplexerscontrolling the Do, OE and CKE lines for each of the other three I/Ocells of the first half of the RIU (the second half I/O cells IO₋₋ 4,IO₋₋ 5, IO₋₋ 6 and IO₋₋ 7 have identical O₋₋ line output connections asthe first half detailed in the table of FIG. 28) are also detailed incolumns 607, 608, 610, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615 and 616, respectively.

The programmable connection possibilities between the 24 output linesfrom the core array of bus 466 of FIG. 25 forming part of column 350 aredetailed in the right half of the table of FIG. 28. The columns labeled0 through 29 represent the 30 output signal lines of bus 350 only 24 ofwhich come out of the core array to the RIU connection matrix. The 6output lines that do not extend into the RIU are represented in theright half of the table of FIG. 28 as dots. The Xs in the right half ofthe table of FIG. 28 represent programmable connections to the O₋₋ linesvia tri-state driver active repeaters such as that shown in FIG. 22A.

The connections shown in the table of FIG. 28 are specific to theparticular species detailed here as an example and are specific to thisspecies as it is used in the top and bottom padframe interface circuits.

The data input connections between the I₋₋ lines and the data input line472 of each of the 8 I/O cells of an RIU are given, for the top andbottom padframe interface circuits, in the table of FIG. 29 and shownschematically in FIG. 26. FIG. 26 shows a partial schematic diagram ofthe programmable connection matrix for data input lines represented byXs 468, 470, 473 and 474 in FIG. 25 to illustrate the general conceptthat defines the genus. The table of FIG. 29 gives the specificconnections of the preferred species within this genus. In FIG. 26, thedata input signal line 472 coming out of the I/O cell is coupled to aplurality of tri-state drivers of which drivers 700, 702, 704 and 706are typical. Each of these drivers is coupled to a specific one of the12 I₋₋ lines 454. The specific connections for the preferred species areshown in the left half of the table of FIG. 29. Some of the possibleprogrammable connections to the data input lines of just one of thecolumns are shown in the lower right hand corner of FIG. 26. The I₋₋lines have programmable connection possibilities through tristatedrivers to all of the data input lines of all of the columns of the RIU,but not every I₋₋ line can connect to every data input line of everycolumn. In other words, the programmable connection matrix is not fullypopulated.

In FIG. 26, some of the tri-state drivers that provide programmableconnection possibilities between predetermined I₋₋ lines andpredetermined data input lines of column 350 are shown at 708, 710 and712. Each of the tri-state drivers has a memory cell, indicated as a boxwith an M in it, that stores a programming bit which defines whether thetristate driver is "on" or "off".

Because of space limitations, not all of the tri-state drivers thatconnect line 472 to the I₋₋ lines or the data input signal lines of allfour columns of the RIU to the I₋₋ lines can be shown. However, theparticular I₋₋ lines that are connected to line 472 and the particularI₋₋ lines that are coupled to each data input signal line of each columncan be determined for this particular species from the table of FIG. 29.The programmable connection matrix is comprised of this completecollection of tri-state drivers represented, for this species, by the Xsin the table of FIG. 29. The term "routing area" as used in the claimsmeans the entire collection of all the I₋₋ lines and all the O₋₋ linesand all the tri-state drivers represented by the Xs in the input andoutput connection tables such as FIGS. 28 and 29. Although theparticular connection possibilities differ from species to species andeven within the same species vary from top and bottom to left and rightsides, the general concept of a routing area in an RIU is the same andis illustrated by these examples.

In FIG. 29, column 620 gives the individual line numbers of the 12 I₋₋lines 454 in FIG. 25. Column 622 details the available programmableconnection possibilities between the data input line 472 of I/O cellIO₋₋ 0 and the 12 I₋₋ lines. Each X in column 622 represents aprogrammable one-way connection between line 472 and the I₋₋ line inwhose row the X resides through a tri-state driver inverter such as thecircuit shown in FIG. 22A. There are 8 columns representing the D_(in)line connection possibilities to the I₋₋ lines for each of the 8 I/Ocells of the RIU, the last of these columns being column 624.

The right half of the table of FIG. 29 represents the programmableconnection possibilities between the six input lines of each column likecolumn 350 for each of the four columns 350, 626, 628 and 630 in FIG.25. The programmable connection possibilities for the six input lines ofbus 476 in FIG. 25 forming part of column 350 are given in the sixcolumns labelled with a bracket numbered 350 with each individual linenumbered 30 through 35. Each X represents a programmable connectionpossibility through a tri-state driver.

As is the case for the output programmable connection matrices, theparticular population of the input programmable connection matricesselected is peculiar to this particular species of RIU, and otherprogrammable connection populations may be selected for other species.The connection matrices are only partially populated for purposes oflimiting the number of gate loads affecting any particular line to limitthe amount of parasitic capacitance coupled to the line. This limitationis useful for improving the speed of performance.

The data input programmable connection possibilities for connectionsbetween I/O cells and input lines in rows extending from the left sideof the core array are shown in the table of FIG. 30. The data inputprogrammable connection possibilities for connections between I/O cellsand input lines in rows extending from the right side of the core arrayare shown in the table of FIG. 31. FIGS. 32A and 32B are tables showingthe data output connection possibilities for a particular species ofright and left side RIUs, respectively.

Referring to FIG. 35, there is shown an alternative embodiment for anRIU structure. Everything about this structure is the same as thestructure shown in FIG. 25, except bidirectional repeaters have beenadded to provide for more routing possibilities. Specifically,bidirectional repeaters 601 and 603 have been added to programmablycouple all or a selected few of the first half O₋₋ lines to thecorresponding second half O₋₋ lines bus inside each RIU. Bidirectionalactive repeaters 601 and 603 represent a plurality of bidirectionalactive repeaters, one for each O₋₋ line (in some embodiments, only someof the O₋₋ lines will have bidirectional active repeaters between thehalves thereof). Also, bidirectional active repeaters 605 and 607 (alsorepresenting one bidirectional active repeater for each O₋₋ line, or aselected few in alternative embodiments) have been added to programmablycouple all or a selected few of the O₋₋ lines of bus 452 to thecorresponding O₋₋ lines of the neighboring RIU on the left. Also,bidirectional active repeaters 609 and 611 (also representing onebidirectional active repeater for each I₋₋ line, or a selected few inalternative embodiments) have been added to programmably couple all or aselected few of the I₋₋ lines of bus 454 to the corresponding I₋₋ linesof the neighboring RIU on the left. Also, bidirectional active repeaters613 and 615 (also representing one bidirectional active repeater foreach O₋₋ line, or a selected few in some embodiments) have been added toprogrammably couple all or a selected few of the O₋₋ lines of bus 452 tothe corresponding O₋₋ lines of the neighboring RIU on the right.Finally, bidirectional active repeaters 614 and 616 (also representingone bidirectional active repeater for each I₋₋ line, or a selected fewin alternative embodiments) have been added to programmably couple allor a selected few of the I₋₋ lines of bus 452 to the corresponding I₋₋lines of the neighboring RIU on the right.

The advantage of adding these new active repeaters to the RIUs is thatit generates many new routing possibilities thereby easing the job ofthe routing software. Basically, there is unlimited routing to the corearray from the I/O cells because the columns can connect not only theI/O cells of the particular RIU to which they are connected but also toany other I/O cell of any of the other RIUs as well. In other words,with this embodiment, if a particular column coming out of the FPGA corearray has a larger number of data input and output signals than thereare I/O cells in the RIU to which the column is coupled, the activerepeaters in the RIU can be programmed to connect one or more O₋₋ linesor I₋₋ lines carrying the excess data signals to a neighboring RIU whichis not using all its available I/O cells. This of course is subject tothe restrictions described above about not putting conflicting signalson the same segment of an O₋₋ line or I₋₋ line.

The routing process to define the functionality of the FPGA has twocomponents. The first is routing between data input and data outputsignals of a column and the I/O cells. The second component is routingbetween different logic blocks in the core array. Of these twocomponents, the routing within the core array dominates the problem. Bythe provision of the bidirectional active repeaters at the ends of theI₋₋ lines and O₋₋ lines of the RIU so as to make programmable couplingto the I₋₋ lines and O₋₋ lines of neighboring RIUs possible and couplingthe two separate sets of O₋₋ lines within each RIU to each other, it ispossible to route some problematic interconnects within the core array(interconnects that cannot be made because of a bottleneck) out thehorizontal or vertical buses, through the routing areas of the RIUs andthen back into the core array such that the interconnect can besuccessfully made. Further, because the interconnect is made with activerepeaters, even though the interconnect made in this way is longer thana more direct path through the array, because the active repeaters donot substantially worsen the delay as the new segments are added, thelonger interconnects are more useable than would be the case if thelonger interconnects were made with pass transistors.

Another advantage of adding the bidirectional repeaters 601 through 616in the RIUs is that it relieves a restriction which would otherwise haveto be placed on the routing software. Specifically, there sometimesarises a situation wherein the number of pins available to bond out todata signal inputs and outputs from the core array is fewer than thetotal number of data signal inputs and outputs of the FPGA. In thiscase, bottlenecks can arise in the I/O routing if the bidirectionalactive repeaters are not added to the RIU. Specifically, all the I/Ocells of a particular RIU may be needed for connection to particulardata input and output signals of the columns to which the RIU isconnected. Suppose now that there is another data input or output signalin these columns which must be connected to a pin. In this case withoutthe active repeaters in the RIU, that signal will be lost and will notmake it to the outside world because there is no available I/O cell inits RIU. With the active repeaters 601 through 616 present in the RIU,this signal can be routed to an I/O cell in another neighboring RIU (oran RIU on the other side of the chip) as long as there are availablesegments of the I₋₋ lines or O₋₋ lines through which the interconnectcan be routed to the appropriate I/O pin. This makes the job of therouting software much easier.

Although the invention has been described in terms of the preferred andalternative embodiments disclosed herein, those skilled in the art willrecognize various structural and functional equivalents of the circuitsdisclosed herein. For example, any of the differential current modelogic current switches could be replaced by single ended versions suchas are shown in FIG. 18. Other fast switching technology could besubstituted for the bipolar devices shown herein and bipolar or otherfaster switching devices could be substituted for the CMOS enablingdevices. All such structural and functional equivalents are intended tobe included within the scope of the claims appended hereto.

What is claimed:
 1. A differential signal conductor in a fieldprogrammable gate array having first and second conductors carryingcomplementary logic signals and segmented into first and second segmentsby a programmable buffer amplifier with an emitter follower outputstage, both said buffer amplifier and said emitter follower beingcoupled to high and low rail conductors coupled to an external powersupply when said field programmable gate array is in operation andutilizing bipolar devices coupled as a differential pair having a commonemitter node which is coupled to said low rail of said power supplythrough a current source and a first MOS steering device, said commonemitter node being coupled to said high rail of said power supplythrough a second MOS steering device, said first and second MOS steeringdevices having gate terminals coupled to receive an enable signal thatactivates said differential pair, said differential pair havingcollector terminals coupled to said second segment of said differentialsignals conductor via said emitter follower output stage, said collectorterminals also coupled to said high rail of said power supply throughload resistors, and having base inputs coupled to receive saidcomplementary logic signals from said first segment such that there isno direct conductive path between said first and second line segmentsbut such that any complementary logic signal on said first line segmentwhich has had its rise time degraded by the effect of parasiticcapacitance and/or parasitic resistance has its rise time reconstructedon said second line segment as a complementary logic signal with aspeeded up rise time.
 2. A field programmable gate array having a corearray of programmable logic blocks each having data inputs and dataoutputs each of which is programmably coupled through one or moreprogrammable active repeaters to one or more selected individual signallines of at least one of a plurality of vertical and horizontal buses,said vertical and horizontal buses comprised of a plurality ofindividual conductive signal lines each of which are divided intosegments by a plurality of active repeaters, said vertical andhorizontal buses intersecting at a plurality of intersections, eachintersection being a programmable connection matrix which is has aplurality of programmable connection circuits therein each saidprogrammable connection circuit being an active repeater which functionsto regenerate the signals on preselected individual conductive signallines of said horizontal buses on preselected individual conductivesignal lines of said vertical buses with speeded up rise and fall timesrelative to the degraded rise and fall times of input pulses to eachsaid activer repeater so as enable either unidirectional orbidirectional communication, said programmable logic blocks beingcoupled to each other through interconnections comprised of individualsegments of said individual conductive signal lines of said vertical andhorizontal buses and selected active repeaters which are programmed tocouple signals between the appropriate segments to make the necessaryconnections to implement a desired functionality for said fieldprogrammable gate array, and wherein each said active repeater is atransistor amplifier with an output stage which is optimally sized todrive only the load on the line segment or logic block input coupled tothe output of said output stage to achieve a desired switching speed forsaid field programmable gate array.
 3. The field programmable gate arrayof claim 2 wherein at least some of said active repeaters andprogrammable drivers are optimally structured in integrated circuit formto implement a totem pole type, push-pull output stage with thepush-pull transistors optimally sized in a ratioless configuration bothto drive a known capacitive load to make logic transitions with adesired speed and to preserve symmetrical rise and fall times.
 4. Afield programmable gate array comprising:a core array of programmablelogic blocks each having data inputs and data outputs which areprogrammably coupled through one or more programmable active repeatersto one or more selected individual signal lines of at least one of aplurality of vertical and horizontal buses, said vertical and horizontalbuses comprised of a plurality of individual conductive signal lineseach of which are divided into segments by a plurality of activerepeaters, said vertical and horizontal buses intersecting at aplurality of intersections, each intersection being a programmableconnection matrix which has a plurality of programmable connectioncircuits therein, each said programmable connection circuit being anactive repeater which functions to programmably regenerate signals fromone or more preselected individual conductive signal lines of saidhorizontal buses on one or more preselected individual conductive signallines of said vertical buses for either unidirectional or bidirectionalcommunication, said programmable logic blocks being coupled to eachother through interconnections comprised of individual segments of saidindividual conductive signal lines of said vertical and horizontal busesand selected active repeaters which are programmed to drive signalsbetween the appropriate segments to make the necessary connections toimplement a desired functionality for said field programmable gatearray, and further comprising a plurality of I/O cells surrounding saidcore array, each I/O cell being programmable as a data input or a dataoutput, or both said I/O cells programmed as both data inputs and dataoutputs functioning to return data emerging from said core array on afirst individual bus line segment back into the core array on a secondline segment, and further comprising a plurality of repeatable interfacecircuits surrounding said core array each said repeatable interfacecircuit positioned between said plurality of I/O cells and said corearray and functioning to programmably couple said line segments of saidvertical and horizontal buses emerging from said core array to said I/Ocells.
 5. The field programmable gate array of claim 4 wherein eachrepeatable interface circuit has a substantially identical structure andincludes a routing area comprised of a plurality of programmableconnection matrices which are sparsely populated with programmableconnection circuits and wherein every said programmable connectioncircuit is comprised of an active repeater, said programmable connectioncircuits located at selected intersections of individual signal lines,said programmable connection matrices being programmable to routesignals on said line segments of said vertical and horizontal buses tospecific ones of a plurality of inputs and outputs of said I/O cells. 6.A field programmable gate array comprising:a core array of programmablelogic blocks each having data inputs and data outputs which areprogrammably coupled through one or more programmable active repeatersto one or more selected individual signal lines of at least one of aplurality of vertical and horizontal buses, said vertical and horizontalbuses comprised of a plurality of individual conductive signal lineseach of which are divided into segments by a plurality of activerepeaters, said vertical and horizontal buses intersecting at aplurality of intersections, each intersection being a programmableconnection matrix which has a plurality of programmable connectioncircuits therein, each said programmable connection circuit being anactive repeater which is coupled to a power supply having high and lowvoltage supplies which are set at the voltage levels of logic 1 andlogic 0, said active repeater functioning to programmably regenerateinput signals on a preselected individual conductive signal line of saidhorizontal buses on one or more preselected individual conductive signallines of said vertical buses or vice versa for either unidirectional orbidirectional communication by using a transistor amplifier and highimpedance output stage such that, when the active repeater is enabled,it uses transistor action to gate current from said power supply intothe line segment or input being driven in response to a transition to aparticular logic state by said input signal and to gate current out ofsaid line segment or input being driven into said power supply inresponse to a transition to a second binary logic state by said inputsignal, said programmable logic blocks being coupled to each otherthrough interconnections comprised of individual segments of saidindividual conductive signal lines of said vertical and horizontal busesand selected active repeaters which are programmed to be enabled so asto drive signals between the appropriate segments to make the necessaryconnections to implement a desired functionality for said fieldprogrammable gate array, and wherein each active repeater is optimallystructured and sized in integrated circuit form to drive a knowncapacitive load to cause logic transitions at a desired speed.
 7. Thefield programmable gate array of claim 6 further comprising a pluralityof I/O cells surrounding said core array, each I/O cell beingprogrammable as a data input or a data output or as both an input and anoutput, with the I/O cells programmed as both inputs and outputsfunctioning to return data emerging from said core array on a first linesegment back into the core array on a second line segment, and aplurality of repeatable interface circuits surrounding said core arrayand adjacent said plurality of I/O cells said repeatable interfacecircuits functioning to programmably connect said line segments of saidvertical and horizontal buses to said I/O cells to implement a desiredfunctionality for said field programmable gate array, and wherein thedifferent programmable connection matrices have a plurality of differentpatterns of programmable connection circuits at intersections betweensaid conductors of said horizontal and vertical buses, with saiddifferent patterns of programmable connection circuits hereafterreferred to as types, said different programmable connection matriceshaving a pattern of types of programmable connection matrices along thelength of at least some buses with said pattern repeating in a periodicfashion, along said horizontal buses only.
 8. The field programmablegate array of claim 7 wherein each repeatable interface circuit has ansubstantially identical structure and includes a routing area comprisedof a plurality of programmable connection matrices each of which has aplurality of programmable connection circuits comprised of activerepeaters at selected intersections of individual signal lines, saidprogrammable connection matrices being programmable to route signals onsaid individual signal conductors of said vertical and horizontal bussignal lines to specific ones of said I/O cells.
 9. The apparatus ofclaim 6 wherein each programmable connections matrix is sparselypopulated with active repeaters which function to programmably couplepreselected individual conductive signal lines of said horizontal busesto preselected individual conductive signal lines of said verticalbuses, at least some of said programmable connection matrices havingdifferent connection possibilities than the others, but all programmableconnection circuits in said programmable connection matrices arecomprised of active repeaters, sparse population being defined as thepresence of an active repeater only at some but not all theintersections of individual conductive signal lines within saidhorizontal and vertical buses, different connection possibilities beingdefined as different patterns of sparse population from one programmableconnection matrix to the next.
 10. A field programmable gate arrayapparatus having an array of programmable logic blocks and a pluralityof I/O cells, and further comprising:a plurality of horizontal andvertical buses each comprised of a plurality of data input and dataoutput signal lines which are each segmented into a plurality ofsegments by active repeaters which can be programmed to be "on" or"off"; a plurality of active repeaters each having an enabled anddisabled state and structured to selectively programmably couplepredetermined individual conductors of said horizontal buses topredetermined individual conductors of said vertical buses at aplurality of locations in programmable connection matrices located atevery intersection of a horizontal and vertical bus; and a plurality ofrepeatable interface units coupling said I/O cells to said data inputand data output signal lines through routing areas comprised of aplurality of O₋₋ lines and a plurality of I₋₋ lines and a plurality ofactive repeaters; and wherein every point in said field programmablegate array where a programmable connection can be made is implementedwith an active repeater which comprises at least one transistoramplifier having an output stage which is optimized in transistor sizeand current drive capability to drive a known, fixed load at a desiredspeed coupled to the output of said output stage and which presents ahigh impedance to said output when said active repeater is disabled,each said active repeater coupled to a power supply having high and lowvoltage rails supplying voltages at logic 1 and logic 0 levels,respectively, and each said active repeater having a gain of greaterthan one and structured to use transistor action to apply gain to inputsignals supplied to said active repeater to generate output signals atsaid output and to use transistor action to selectively couple eitherthe current drive and current sink capacity of said power supply toselectively drive current into and sink current out of said load drivenby said active repeater depending upon the state of said input signal,and wherein said active repeaters in adjacent lines of said horizontaland vertical buses are positionally staggered in echelon fashion, andwherein every said programmable connection matrix along the length ofsaid horizontal buses has a different pattern of active repeaters thanits immediately adjacent neighbors.
 11. A field programmable gate arrayapparatus having an array of programmable logic blocks and a pluralityof I/O cells, and further comprising:a plurality of horizontal andvertical buses each comprised of a plurality of data input and dataoutput signal lines which are each segmented into a plurality ofsegments by bidirectional active repeater means, each said bidirectionalactive repeater means coupled to an external power supply when saidfield programmable gate array is in operation and functioning toselectively, programmably regenerate digital signals received from oneline segment on another line segment by applying gain to a signalpropagating in one line segment so as to reconstruct said input signalas an output signal on an output line segment, and at leastsubstantially preserve or speed up the rise and fall times of pulses insaid input signal in the reconstructed output signal by using transistoraction and the gain of said transistor to selectively gate current fromsaid power supply into or out of parasitic capacitance loading saidoutput segment in accordance with said input signal and at least some ofsaid active repeater means functioning to perform these functions forsignals propagating in either direction; a plurality of active repeatermeans coupled to an external power supply when said field programmablegate array is operating, each for selectively programmably couplingpredetermined individual conductors of said horizontal buses topredetermined individual conductors of said vertical buses at aplurality of locations and for applying transistor action to a signalpropagating in one line segment coupled to an input of said activerepeater so as to reconstruct said signal on an output line segment soas to selectively couple current drive or current sink capacity of saidpower supply to said output line segment in accordance with the state ofsaid input signal so as to speed up the rise and fall times of the inputsignal in the reconstructed output signal; and a plurality of repeatableinterface units coupling said I/O cells to said data input and dataoutput signal lines through routing areas comprised of a plurality ofO₋₋ line segments and a plurality of I₋₋ line segments and a pluralityof programmable connection matrices sparsely populated with activerepeater means to a plurality of selected line segments of either saidvertical or horizontal buses and a plurality of line segments going intoand coming out of said I/O cells, each said active repeater meanscoupled to an external power supply when said active repeater isoperating, for selectively, programmably receiving a signal propagatingin one line segment and reconstructing said signal on an output linesegment so as to speed up rise and fall times of the input signal in thereconstructed output signal by driving the parasitic capacitance load onsaid output line segment using transistor action to selectively coupleeither the current drive or current sink capacity of said power supplyto said output line segment in accordance with the state of said inputsignal; and wherein every location in said field programmable gate arraywhere a programmable connection can be made is implemented with anactive repeater.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11 further comprisingbidirectional active repeater means coupling both ends of all or apreselected number of said O₋₋ lines and said I₋₋ lines of eachrepeatable interface unit to the corresponding O₋₋ lines and I₋₋ linesof neighboring repeatable interface units, and wherein every activerepeater means includes an output stage which is optimized in devicesize and current drive capacity to drive a known capacitive load at adesired speed.
 13. A field programmable gate array having a plurality ofprogrammable I/O cells and a plurality of programmable logic blocks anda plurality of data input and data output signal lines forming signalbuses and which are programmably coupled to said logic blocks,characterized bya plurality of repeatable interface means for couplingsaid I/O cells to said data input and data output signal lines of saidsignal buses through routing areas comprised of a plurality of O₋₋ linesegments and a plurality of I₋₋ line segments and a plurality of activerepeater means for programmably connecting data input and output linesfrom said signal buses to said O line segments and said I line segments:and a plurality of line segments going into and coming out of said I/Ocells and a plurality of active repeater means used to implement everyprogrammable connection in said field programmable gate array betweensaid data input and data output lines of said signal buses and betweeninput and output signal lines of said logic blocks and the data inputand data output lines of said signal buses and between said linessegments goina into and coming out of said I/O cells and to segment theindividual input and output signal lines of said buses, each said activerepeater means for selectively, programmably receiving the digitalsignals propagating one one line segment coupled to an input of saidactive repeater means and regenerating said digital signal with fasterrise and fall times on another line segment coupled to an output of saidactive repeater means by using gain and transistor action to selectivelygate the current drive or current sink capacity of an external powersupply to said output based upon the state of said input signal.
 14. Theapparatus of claim 13 further comprising a plurality of bidirectionalactive repeaters selectively, programmably coupling at least some ofsaid O₋₋ line segments of at least some of said repeatable interfacemeans to at least some of the O₋₋ line segments of one or moreneighboring repeatable interface means, and further comprising aplurality of bidirectional active repeaters selectively, programmablycoupling at least some of said I₋₋ line segments of at least some ofsaid repeatable interface means to at least some of the I₋₋ linesegments of one or more neighboring repeatable interface means, andwherein every active repeater means includes an output stage which isoptimized in device size and current drive capacity to drive a knowncapacitive load at a desired speed.
 15. A field programmable gate arrayhaving a plurality of programmable I/O cells and a plurality ofprogrammable logic blocks and a plurality of data input and data outputsignal lines forming signal buses and and wherein said signal lines ofsaid signal buses are programmably coupled to said logic blocks usingactive repeaters and wherein said buses intersect at partially populatedprogrammable connection matrices, said field programmable gate arraycharacterized by a plurality of unidirectional and bidirectional activerepeaters at every location of a programmable connection in said fieldprogrammable gate array, each said active repeater programmable to havean enabled and a disabled state and comprising a transistor amplifierhaving larger than unity gain and an output stage which presents a highimpedance to the output of said active repeater when said activerepeater is disabled and coupled to an external power supply in such away as to selectively, programmably regenerate digital signalspropagating on one signal line on another signal line coupled to theoutput of said active repeater while speeding up the rise and fall timesof said digital signal by using transistor action to selectively coupledeither the current drive or current sink capacity of said external powersupply to the output of said active repeater so as to charge ordischarge the parasitic capacitance coupled to said output using saidexternal power supply depending upon the state of the input signalthereby causing each active repeater to inherently limit the amount ofparasitic capacitive load which loads a driver coupled to each linesegment between active repeater boundaries to only the total parasiticcapacitances actually directly connected to said line segment.
 16. Aconnection network on an integrated circuit field programmable gatearray, comprising:a plurality of signal sources from which emanatedigital signals having pulses that have rise and fall times; a firstplurality of signal line segments each of which has parasiticcapacitance and resistance affecting digital signals propagating thereinsuch that rise times and fall time of pulses of digital signalspropagating along each said line segment are degraded by the combined RCtime constant of said parasitic capacitance and resistance; a secondplurality of signal line segments each of which has parasiticcapacitance and resistance affecting digital signals propagating thereinsuch that rise times and fall time of pulses of digital signalspropagating along each said line segment are degraded by the combined RCtime constant of said parasitic capacitance and resistance; high and lowrail power supply conductors carrying voltages from an external powersupply at logic 1 and logic 0 levels, respectively; a plurality ofinputs of logic blocks or of input/output circuit to which digitalsignals from said signal sources must be supplied each said input havingat least parasitic capacitance and parasitic resistance affecting it andacting as at least part of the load of said input; a plurality ofprogrammable connection circuits with at least one said programmableconnection circuit located at each programmable connection point in saidconnection network, each having an input and an output, and each forprogrammably connecting a signal source or one or more of said first orsecond plurality of line segments coupled to said input to one or moreof said line segments in said first or second plurality of line segmentsor to one or more of said inputs of logic blocks coupled to saidoutput;and wherein each said programmable connection circuit has anenabled state and a disabled state and is comprised of:a transistoramplifier coupled to said input and coupled to said high and low voltagerails and having an output stage, said transistor amplifier and outputstage combining to use transistor action in response to the logictransitions of signals received at said input to selectively gatecurrent from said high voltage rail into said output or gate currentfrom said output into said low voltage rail depending upon the logicstate of the input signal at said input when said transistor amplifierand output stage are enabled, and to present a high impedance to saidoutput when said transistor amplifier and output stage are disabled; andenabling circuitry coupled to said transistor amplifier and output stageto provide programmability of each said programmable connection circuitsuch that each said programmable connection circuit has at least anenabled state and a disabled state wherein a high impedance is presentedto said output, and having a programming signal input for receiving anprogramming signal having at least enable and disable states whichcontrol whether said enabling circuitry enables or disables saidtransistor amplifier and said output stage.
 17. The apparatus of claim16 wherein said output stage of each said programmable connectioncircuit is optimized in terms of size and current drive capability so asto drive only the parasitic capacitance and parasitic resistance load ofsaid output of said programmable connection circuit at the speed atwhich said field programmable gate array is designed to operate.
 18. Aprogrammable connection circuit for programmably connecting a linesegment in a field programmable gate array to another line segment,comprising:a high rail conductor of a power supply carrying a voltageequal to logic 1; a low rail conductor of a power supply carrying avoltage equal to logic 0; an input for receiving an input digital signalwith a degraded rise time and a degraded fall time for every pulse fromthe rise time and fall time each pulse in said input digital signaloriginally had; an output; a constant current source; a transistoramplifier comprising at least two transistors coupled as a differentialpair between said high and low rail conductors of said power supply soas to share a constant current generated by said constant currentsource, and having an input coupled to said input so as to receive saiddigital input signal, for generating a digital signal at an output whichreplicates the logic transitions of said input digital signal receivedat said input but which has, for each pulse in said output signalcorresponding to a pulse in said input signal, a regenerated rise timeand regenerated fall time each of which is faster than said degradedrise time and fall time, respectively, of the corresponding pulse ofsaid digital input signal; at least one enabling transistor coupled tosaid constant current source and having an input for receiving a digitalenable signal having first and second logic states, for enabling saidconstant current source in said first state of said enable signal anddisabling said constant current source in said second state of saidenable signal; and at least one enabling transistor coupled to said atleast two transistors coupled as a differential pair and having an inputfor receiving said enable signal, for enabling operation of saidtransistor amplifier to generate said output signal at said output ofsaid transistor amplifier for said first state of said enable signal andfor disabling generation of said output signal at said output of saidtransistor amplifier for said second state of said enable signal; and anoutput stage means having an output coupled to said output of saidactive repeater and having an input coupled to said output of saidtransistor amplifier, for selectively coupling said output to said highrail voltage supply or said low rail voltage supply such that theparasitic capacitance of said load is charged or discharged by saidexternal power supply by transistor action in accordance with the signalreceived from said transistor amplifier when said output stage means isprogrammed to be enabled, and to present a high impedance to said outputwhen said output stage means is disabled.
 19. An active repeater for usein coupling digital signals between segments of conductors in a fieldprogrammable gate array coupled to said active repeater, comprising:ahigh rail conductor of a power supply; a low rail conductor of a powersupply; an input for receiving an input digital signal with a degradedrise time and a degraded fall time for every pulse from the rise timeand fall time each pulse in said input digital signal originally had; anoutput; a constant current source; a transistor amplifier comprising atleast two MOS transistors coupled as a differential pair between saidhigh and low rail conductors of said power supply so as to share aconstant current generated by said constant current source, and havingan input coupled to receive said input digital signal, for generating adigital signal at said output which replicates the logic transitions ofsaid input digital signal received at said input but which has, for eachpulse in said output signal corresponding to a pulse in said inputsignal, a regenerated rise time and regenerated fall time each of whichis faster than said degraded rise time and fall time of thecorresponding pulse of said digital input signal; at least one enablingMOS transistor coupled to said constant current source and having aninput for receiving a digital enable signal having first and secondlogic states, for enabling said constant current source in said firststate of said enable signal and disabling said constant current sourcein said second state of said enable signal; and at least one enablingMOS transistor coupled to said at least two MOS transistors coupled as adifferential pair and having an input for receiving said enable signal,for enabling operation of said differential pair to generate said outputsignal at said output for said first state of said enable signal and fordisabling generation of said output signal at said output for saidsecond state of said enable signal; and an output stage means having anoutput coupled to said output of said active repeater and having aninput coupled to said output of said transistor amplifier, forselectively coupling said output to said high rail voltage supply orsaid low rail voltage supply such that the parasitic capacitance of saidload is charged or discharged by said external power supply bytransistor action in accordance with the signal received from saidtransistor amplifier when said output stage means is programmed to beenabled, and to present a high impedance to said output when said outputstage means is disabled.
 20. An active repeater for use in couplingdigital signals between segments of conductors in a field programmablegate array coupled to said active repeater, comprising:a high railconductor of a power supply; a low rail conductor of a power supply; aninput for receiving an input digital signal with a degraded rise timeand a degraded fall time for every pulse from the rise time and falltime each pulse in said input digital signal originally had; an output;a constant current source; transistor amplifier means for receiving saiddigital input signal and for generating a digital signal at an outputwhich replicates the logic transitions of said input digital signalreceived at said input but which has, for each pulse in said outputsignal corresponding to a pulse in said input signal, a regenerated risetime and regenerated fall time each of which is faster than saiddegraded rise time and fall time of the corresponding pulse of saiddigital input signal; enabling means for selectively enabling saidtransistor amplifier means in accordance with the state of a programmingsignal; and an output stage means coupled to said transistor amplifiermeans, for selectively coupling said output of said active repeater tosaid high rail voltage supply or said low rail voltage supply bytransistor action in accordance with the signal received at said inputof said active repeater when said output stage means is programmed to beenabled such that the parasitic capacitance of said load is charged ordischarged by said external power supply, and to present a highimpedance to said output when said output stage means is disabled.
 21. Amethod of designing an interconnect structure for the core logic blockarray of an integrated field programmable gate array, comprising thesteps:laying out logic blocks having inputs and outputs; laying out aplurality of rows and columns of buses with a plurality of individualconductors in each said bus, each said column and row of buses beingrouted so as to pass adjacent to a plurality of logic blocks; laying outhigh and low voltage rail conductors which are to be coupled to anexternal power supply; selecting a plurality of points where said busconductors are to be programmably connected to each other and aplurality of points where inputs and outputs of said logic blocks are tobe programmably connected to one or more individual conductors of saidone or more of said buses; at each said point, laying out a programmableconnection circuit, each said programmable connection circuitcomprising:a transistor amplifier having an input coupled to an outputof a logic block or a line segment comprising a portion of one of saidplurality of individual conductors of one of said buses, and having anoutput stage having an output coupled to an input of a logic block or aline segment comprising a portion of one of said plurality of individualconductors of one of said buses, both said transistor amplifier and saidoutput stage coupled to said high and low voltage rail conductors, eachsaid transistor amplifier and output stage structured so as to usetransistor action to selectively gate current from said high voltagerail into said line segment or logic block input coupled to saidtransistor amplifier output or gate current stored in the parasiticcapacitances loading said line segment or logic block input coupled tosaid transistor amplifier output into said low voltage rail conductordepending upon the state of the input signal at said transistoramplifier input, and enabling circuitry coupled to said transistoramplifier and output stage to provide programmability of each saidprogrammable connection circuit such that each said programmableconnection circuit has at least an enabled state and a disabled statewherein said input is isolated from said output.
 22. A fast routingstructure for a field programmable gate array having a plurality oflogic blocks having inputs and outputs and a plurality of busescomprising a plurality of programmable connection circuits, whereinevery programmable connection circuit has an input and an output and anenabled state and a disabled state, and wherein every programmableconnection circuit is comprised of one or more transistor amplifiers andan output stage which presents a high impedance to said output when saidprogrammable connection circuit is disabled, each programmableconnection circuit coupled to high and low voltage ports of a powersupply when the routing structure is in operation, each programmableconnection circuit that is programmed to be enabled functioning to drivesaid output using transistor action to either gate current from saidpower supply into said output or to sink current out of said output tosaid low voltage port of said power supply depending upon the logicstate of the signal at said input, each said programmable connectioncircuit also having an input receiving an enable signal the voltage ofwhich defines whether said programmable connection circuit is enabled ordisabled.
 23. A routing structure for an integrated circuit fieldprogrammable gate array, comprising:a plurality of buses each having aplurality of conductors which are segmented into two or more segments byone or more programmable unidirectional or bidirectional activerepeaters, each active repeater coupled to high and low voltageterminals of an external power supply when in operation, and having aninput coupled to one line segment and an output coupled to another linesegment and comprising a transistor amplifier coupled to an output stageand an enabling circuit for enabling or disabling said active repeaterin accordance with the state of a programming bit, each active repeater,when disabled, presenting a high impedance to said output, but whenenabled, functioning to selectively couple the current drive capacity ofsaid power supply into said output or sink current from said outputthrough said active repeater into said external power supply usingtransistor action in response to the state of a signal at said input; aplurality of logic blocks each having inputs and having outputs each ofwhich is coupled to one or more programmable drivers, each saidprogrammable driver having an output stage programmably coupled to oneor more conductor segments of one or more of said buses, each outputstage comprising one or more active repeaters; and wherein each saidoutput stage of a programmable driver or programmable active repeater issized and structured so as to be optimized to drive only the load on theinput or bus conductor segment to which it is connected to achieve adesired speed specification regardless of the state of programming ofsaid programmable active repeaters and programmable drivers to implementa particular function for said field programmable gate array.
 24. Theapparatus of claim 23 wherein each said bus is comprised of a pluralityof conductors and wherein each said conductor is segmented by one ormore active repeaters throughout the length of said bus, and whereinsaid active repeaters are staggered in position such that the activerepeaters that segment adjacent conductors of said bus are not all atthe same relative location between the ends of said bus conductoralthough subgroups of active repeaters segmenting adjacent conductorscan be next to each other so long as the active repeaters of everyconductor in the bus are not immediately adjacent to each other.
 25. Inan integrated circuit field programmable gate array having an array oflogic blocks with inputs and outputs programmably connected to theindividual conductors of a plurality buses, a method of makingpropagation delays in said field programmable gate array easier tocalculate for routing software, comprising:segmenting said conductors insaid buses with one or more active repeaters so as to divide each saidconductor up into two or more segments which are programmably connectedtogether by said active repeaters; selectively coupling each said inputand output of a logic block to a segment of a bus conductor via aprogrammable active repeater or a programmable driver, each saidprogrammable driver having the same characteristics of an activerepeater which has been programmed to be enabled of acting as atransistor amplifier coupled to an external power supply so as to usetransistor action in response an input signal to create an output signalby selectively coupling the current drive or current sink capacity ofsaid power supply to the line segment or logic block input coupled tothe output of said driver or active repeater so as to drive current intoor sink current out of the parasitic capacitance load to which saiddriver or active repeater is coupled such that said parasisticcapacitance is not charged and discharged by the driver circuitrycreating said input signals, but at least when disabled said activerepeaters present a high impedance at their outputs, said transistoraction and selective coupling of said power supply to said output drivenby said active repeater inherently functioning to make the propagationdelay of each line segment fixed by the parasitic resistance andcapacitance of that line segment regardless of how many other linesegments to which it is coupled thereby making delay calculations simpleadditions of the known delay of every line segment coupled together tomake a connection.
 26. The method of claim 25 further comprising thestep of optimizing the output stage of each programmable active repeatertransistor amplifier and programmable driver to drive just the knownload of the line segment or logic block input to which it is connectedat some desired speed thereby saving die area which can be used tolayout more active repeaters thereby improving access and the number ofprogrammable connection routes available to said routing software toimplement a function.
 27. The method of claim 26 wherein the step ofsegmenting said conductors of said buses is carried out by using aplurality of programmable bidirectional active repeaters in at leastsome of said conductors of each said bus such that said programmablebidirectional active repeaters can be programmed so that in at leastsome of said conductors of said buses different line segments of thesame conductor may be programmed to be part of different conductivepaths from a signal source to a circuit that needs the signal generatedby said signal source thereby increasing the routing possibilities forsaid routing software.
 28. The method of claim 26 wherein the step ofsegmenting said conductors of said buses is carried out by staggeringthe locations of active repeaters in adjacent conductors of the same busin echelon fashion or some other fashion such that not all activerepeaters in adjacent conductors of the bus are located immediatelyadjacent to each other so as to simplify the job of routing softwarethat lays out a connection network for said field programmable gatearray by increasing access.
 29. The method of claim 28 wherein the stepof segmenting said conductors of said buses is carried out by using aplurality of programmable bidirectional active repeaters in at leastsome of said conductors of each said bus such that said programmablebidirectional active repeaters can be programmed so that in at leastsome of said conductors of said buses different line segments of thesame conductor may be programmed to be part of different conductivepaths from a signal source to a circuit that needs the signal generatedby said signal source thereby increasing the routing possibilities forsaid routing software.
 30. The method of claim 25 wherein the step ofsegmenting said conductors of said buses is carried out by staggeringthe locations of active repeaters in adjacent conductors of the same busin echelon fashion or some other fashion such that not all activerepeaters in adjacent conductors of the bus are located immediatelyadjacent to each other so as to simplify the job of routing softwarethat lays out a connection network for said field programmable gatearray by increasing access.
 31. The method of claim 30 wherein the stepof segmenting said conductors of said buses is carried out by using aplurality of programmable bidirectional active repeaters in at leastsome of said conductors of each said bus such that said programmablebidirectional active repeaters can be programmed so that in at leastsome of said conductors of said buses different line segments of thesame conductor may be programmed to be part of different conductivepaths from a signal source to a circuit that needs the signal generatedby said signal source thereby increasing the routing possibilities forsaid routing software.
 32. The method of claim 25 wherein the step ofsegmenting said conductors of said buses is carried out by using aplurality of programmable bidirectional active repeaters in at leastsome of said conductors of each said bus such that said programmablebidirectional active repeaters can be programmed so that in at leastsome of said conductors of said buses different line segments of thesame conductor may be programmed to be part of different conductivepaths from a signal source to a circuit that needs the signal generatedby said signal source thereby increasing the routing possibilities forsaid routing software.